What Matthew 18:20 Really Teaches
No one can dispute that Matthew 18:20 is found in a church context (Mt. 18:15-20). Even Direct Authority advocates admit that Matthew 18:19-20 is a church context, as they insist it refers to the constitution of a church.
Neither does anyone dispute that this text sets forth the minimum number necessary to be an assembly. One person cannot be an assembly.
What makes Matthew 18:17-20 particularly interesting is the use of the very same “ye” and “you” as found in Matthew 28:19-20 in regard to the very same subject of authority.
17 And if he shall neglect to hear them, tell it unto the church: but if he neglect to hear the church, let him be unto thee as an heathen man and a publican.
18 Verily I say unto you, Whatsoever ye shall bind on earth shall be bound in heaven: and whatsoever ye shall loose on earth shall be loosed in heaven.
19 Again I say unto you, That if two ofyou shall agree on earth as touching any thing that they shall ask, it shall be done for them of my Father which is in heaven.
20 For where two or three are gathered together in my name, there am I in the midst of them.
However, Matthew 18:15-20 explicitly mentions “the church” in direct connection with the contextual “ye” and “you” with church administration of the keys of the kingdom.
The issue is whether Matthew 18:19-20 simply continues the discussion about church discipline begun in Matthew 18:15-18 or has the Lord changed subjects between verse 18 and verse 19?
1. The Contextual Evidence for Continuation
Evidence that this is a continued development of the same subject is confirmed by three facts.
First, there is continuation of the very same “ye” and “you” addressed in Matthew 18:18, as in Matthew 18:19-20. So whoever is being addressed in Matthew 18:18, is still being addressed in Matthew 18:19-20.
Second, the word “again” in Matthew 18:19 demonstrates continuation of the same subject in Matthew 18:18 as in Matthew 18:19-20.
Verily I say unto you….Again I say unto you – Mt. 18:18, 19
The introductory term “Again” demands continuation rather than introduction of another subject. It is the subject of administrative church authority, or church administration of the keys of the kingdom by the existing church in Matthew 18:17.
Third, there is development of thought. The very issue in Matthew 18:15-16 is one of disagreement. The issue is brought before the church in order to settle this internal conflict between members (v. 17). The church has the authority to make a final judgment (vv. 17-18). However, authority requires both wisdom and unity for its proper administration. Matthew 18:19-20 provides the practical directions for the church to obtain the necessary wisdom in resolving such internal conflicts:
Dr. A.T. Robertson says of verse 19:
Shall agree (συμφωνησωσιν). Our word "symphony" is this very root. It is no longer looked at as a concord of voices, a chorus in harmony, though that would be very appropriate in a church meeting rather than the rasping discord sometimes heard even between two brethren or sisters. – A.T. Robertson, Word Pictures on Matthew 18:20
This is especially true when cases of dispute are brought before the assembly, as characterized in verses 15-17. The church needs to be unified under the leadership of Christ to settle such disputes. This comes by seeking the presence and leadership of Christ (vv. 18-20).
2. Historical Evidence for Continuation
There are examples in church history where this understanding of the text is clearly expressed by small churches seeking to come to a unified agreement in the exercise of authority.
One example is found among the early English Baptists during 1644-1722:
On the thirteenth day of the fifth month, it being appointed to be observed, by prayer and fasting, for the election and ordination of a deacon in the church, the elders of the church being together at Eltisly, where the meeting was appointed, and very few of the brethren being present, it did so discourage those that were assembled, that they knew not what to do. But at length remembering the words of the Lord, saying, Where two or three are gathered together in my name, I will be in the midst of them, it was resolved to proceed. Whereupon, much time being spent in prayer, bewailing our negligence, and craving forgiveness and assistance from the Lord, we then went about to choose one. But our company being so small, it was questioned by some whether it was meet for us to proceed to choose any that day. Whereupon we again sought the Lord for direction.” – E.B. Underhill, Records of the Churches of Christ Gathered at Ferstanton, Warboys, and Hexsham, 1644-1720, p. 177 – The Baptist Collection of History, Version 1.0
The Orthodox Creed presented by Baptists to Charles II in 1678 also gives Matthew 18:20 as a reference for disciplinary authority as an existing church in article 39. It is also found in article 41 for regular public worship (W.J. McGlothlin, Baptist Confessions of Faith, pp. 120, 121 – The Baptist Collection of History, Version 1.0).
As previously demonstrated, when Dr. Graves was defending the authority of an existing church, he applied this text for that purpose. He admitted that it “may” more properly apply to the administration of church discipline:
To sustain. See 2 and 4, see Matt xviii 20 To be gathered together in the name of Christ may mean in the capacity of a Church. See 1 Cor. 5 4 which undoubtedly means in Church capacity - J.R. Graves, The Great Iron Wheel; or Republicism Backwards and Christianity Reversed. “Church Constitution,” Southwest Publishing Company, New York, 1860, p. 553 – emphasis mine
Even one the most prominent universal invisible church Reformed Baptist exegete, and commentator John F. MacArthur admits this when he says:
18:20; two or three. Jewish tradition requires at least ten men (a minyan) to constitute a synaguogue or even hold public prayer. Here Christ promises to be present in the midst of even a smaller flock – “two or three witnesses” gathered in His name for the purpose of discipline (see note on verse 15). – John F. MacArthur, MacArthur Bible Commentary,
“Matthew” (Thomas Nelson, 2005) p 1158
So we have the same persons, and same subject being thoughtfully developed throughout Matthew 18:18-20.
CONTINUED -
No one can dispute that Matthew 18:20 is found in a church context (Mt. 18:15-20). Even Direct Authority advocates admit that Matthew 18:19-20 is a church context, as they insist it refers to the constitution of a church.
Neither does anyone dispute that this text sets forth the minimum number necessary to be an assembly. One person cannot be an assembly.
What makes Matthew 18:17-20 particularly interesting is the use of the very same “ye” and “you” as found in Matthew 28:19-20 in regard to the very same subject of authority.
17 And if he shall neglect to hear them, tell it unto the church: but if he neglect to hear the church, let him be unto thee as an heathen man and a publican.
18 Verily I say unto you, Whatsoever ye shall bind on earth shall be bound in heaven: and whatsoever ye shall loose on earth shall be loosed in heaven.
19 Again I say unto you, That if two ofyou shall agree on earth as touching any thing that they shall ask, it shall be done for them of my Father which is in heaven.
20 For where two or three are gathered together in my name, there am I in the midst of them.
However, Matthew 18:15-20 explicitly mentions “the church” in direct connection with the contextual “ye” and “you” with church administration of the keys of the kingdom.
The issue is whether Matthew 18:19-20 simply continues the discussion about church discipline begun in Matthew 18:15-18 or has the Lord changed subjects between verse 18 and verse 19?
1. The Contextual Evidence for Continuation
Evidence that this is a continued development of the same subject is confirmed by three facts.
First, there is continuation of the very same “ye” and “you” addressed in Matthew 18:18, as in Matthew 18:19-20. So whoever is being addressed in Matthew 18:18, is still being addressed in Matthew 18:19-20.
Second, the word “again” in Matthew 18:19 demonstrates continuation of the same subject in Matthew 18:18 as in Matthew 18:19-20.
Verily I say unto you….Again I say unto you – Mt. 18:18, 19
The introductory term “Again” demands continuation rather than introduction of another subject. It is the subject of administrative church authority, or church administration of the keys of the kingdom by the existing church in Matthew 18:17.
Third, there is development of thought. The very issue in Matthew 18:15-16 is one of disagreement. The issue is brought before the church in order to settle this internal conflict between members (v. 17). The church has the authority to make a final judgment (vv. 17-18). However, authority requires both wisdom and unity for its proper administration. Matthew 18:19-20 provides the practical directions for the church to obtain the necessary wisdom in resolving such internal conflicts:
Dr. A.T. Robertson says of verse 19:
Shall agree (συμφωνησωσιν). Our word "symphony" is this very root. It is no longer looked at as a concord of voices, a chorus in harmony, though that would be very appropriate in a church meeting rather than the rasping discord sometimes heard even between two brethren or sisters. – A.T. Robertson, Word Pictures on Matthew 18:20
This is especially true when cases of dispute are brought before the assembly, as characterized in verses 15-17. The church needs to be unified under the leadership of Christ to settle such disputes. This comes by seeking the presence and leadership of Christ (vv. 18-20).
2. Historical Evidence for Continuation
There are examples in church history where this understanding of the text is clearly expressed by small churches seeking to come to a unified agreement in the exercise of authority.
One example is found among the early English Baptists during 1644-1722:
On the thirteenth day of the fifth month, it being appointed to be observed, by prayer and fasting, for the election and ordination of a deacon in the church, the elders of the church being together at Eltisly, where the meeting was appointed, and very few of the brethren being present, it did so discourage those that were assembled, that they knew not what to do. But at length remembering the words of the Lord, saying, Where two or three are gathered together in my name, I will be in the midst of them, it was resolved to proceed. Whereupon, much time being spent in prayer, bewailing our negligence, and craving forgiveness and assistance from the Lord, we then went about to choose one. But our company being so small, it was questioned by some whether it was meet for us to proceed to choose any that day. Whereupon we again sought the Lord for direction.” – E.B. Underhill, Records of the Churches of Christ Gathered at Ferstanton, Warboys, and Hexsham, 1644-1720, p. 177 – The Baptist Collection of History, Version 1.0
The Orthodox Creed presented by Baptists to Charles II in 1678 also gives Matthew 18:20 as a reference for disciplinary authority as an existing church in article 39. It is also found in article 41 for regular public worship (W.J. McGlothlin, Baptist Confessions of Faith, pp. 120, 121 – The Baptist Collection of History, Version 1.0).
As previously demonstrated, when Dr. Graves was defending the authority of an existing church, he applied this text for that purpose. He admitted that it “may” more properly apply to the administration of church discipline:
To sustain. See 2 and 4, see Matt xviii 20 To be gathered together in the name of Christ may mean in the capacity of a Church. See 1 Cor. 5 4 which undoubtedly means in Church capacity - J.R. Graves, The Great Iron Wheel; or Republicism Backwards and Christianity Reversed. “Church Constitution,” Southwest Publishing Company, New York, 1860, p. 553 – emphasis mine
Even one the most prominent universal invisible church Reformed Baptist exegete, and commentator John F. MacArthur admits this when he says:
18:20; two or three. Jewish tradition requires at least ten men (a minyan) to constitute a synaguogue or even hold public prayer. Here Christ promises to be present in the midst of even a smaller flock – “two or three witnesses” gathered in His name for the purpose of discipline (see note on verse 15). – John F. MacArthur, MacArthur Bible Commentary,
“Matthew” (Thomas Nelson, 2005) p 1158
So we have the same persons, and same subject being thoughtfully developed throughout Matthew 18:18-20.
CONTINUED -