Man-kind never set foot on the planetary body known as the 'moon', acc to Bible (KJB), Hist. & Sci.

No, it actually depends on the individual person, Seventh-day Adventist or not. I used to think like you do, until I understood what was in scripture, then understood the evidence in the science.

There are people I have known of, Seventh-day Adventist that work for and at NASA. One was female (yet I will not give her name). I emailed her. She never emailed me back. She may or may not work there anymore. She was involved with children and space camp type programs as far as I remember (this was probably 8 years ago or so now).

 

When you ask about the 'subject', do you mean just aerospace and rocketry in general, or also in the sum total which includes photography, film, lighting, electronics, programming, NASA history, radiometrics, construction, design, physics, mathematics, communications, etc?

 

Of course not. The video clip (hammer feather) was only to demonstrate the possibility, in connection with all the other anomalies, and suspect footage, like this one:

Apollo 15 (it's short, watch carefullly):

 

You do not seem that 'disinterested' being that you are continuing to post here on this topic, in a negative fashion, simply taking up space (knowing the shortness of these topics). Never the less, as you will.

 

Going back to the alpha particle radiation, I had cited sources that state unequivocally, that a single sheet of paper does not block all alpha particle radiation, but that a half-inch to an inch of paper can be required even on earth to block mid-level range MeV radiation. The dispute was that a single sheet of paper was enough to block all alpha particle radiation, but this is not true, though it will block low-level (range +- 5 MeV) alpha. However, this thread is not about low-level MeV alpha radiation that exists on earth, alone. The topic deals with cislunar and cissolar, and extra (outside coming in) galatic cosmic radiation, which includes high-level alpha radiation.

"... Alpha particles have a net spin of zero. Due to the mechanism of their production in standard alpha radioactive decay, alpha particles generally have a kinetic energy of about 5 MeV, and a velocity in the vicinity of 4% of the speed of light. (See discussion below for the limits of these figures in alpha decay.) They are a highly ionizing form of particle radiation, and (when resulting from radioactive alpha decay) usually have low penetration depth (stopped by a few centimeters of air, or by the skin).

However, so-called long range alpha particles from ternary fission are three times as energetic, and penetrate three times as far. The helium nuclei that form 10–12% of cosmic rays are also usually of much higher energy than those produced by nuclear decay processes, and thus may be highly penetrating and able to traverse the human body and also many meters of dense solid shielding, depending on their energy. To a lesser extent, this is also true of very high-energy helium nuclei produced by particle accelerators. ..." - Alpha particle - Wikipedia
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So, what I said was true, as well as what JonC said was true. We were speaking about differing area and differing value (MeV) alpha radiation. JonC, graciously, shared in open forum, and in closed message, that circa range 5 MeV alpha radiation can be blocked by a simple sheet of paper, and this is true. However, this was where my confusion (as I did not immediately recognize what JonC (and thank you again, as your challenge helped me further research and understand what we were both referring to) was referring to, as I thought he was referring to radiation in space, not earth (earth is primarily protected from high value (MeV) alpha radiation, etc because of the multiple (now at least 3) Van Allen belts, electromagnetic fields, etc) was coming from, as I was speaking about radiation in space, not on earth. I was speaking about high MeV radiation, not low level common everyday radiation experienced on earth, which the article above also shows the difference in.

Even in cosmic radiation, there is higher MeV alpha, even as there is in Ternary Fission,

"... Such alpha particles are termed "long range alphas" since at their typical energy of 16 MeV, they are at far higher energy than is ever produced by alpha decay. ..."​

Yet, even 16 MeV is not a maximum.

This again ties right back to the suit composition and thickness (as also seen here - https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/20040087145/downloads/20040087145.pdf consider the SPE (Solar Particle Events) **), as well a the skin exposure (in space, entirely exposed except for the suit, but anything penetrating the suit hits the exposed skin at the same area). The thickness (depth) of the suit and its material makeup (already provided) is not enough to prevent space radiation penetrating to damaging/deadly levels (even if NASA claims otherwise, it is contrary to recorded data, even their own, which is why their recent so called probe is unmanned, and supposedly has recorded even a third Van Allen belt, which is supposed to appear from time to time, if not simply there all the time, just unrecorded on occasions), neither to prevent bremsstrahlung (secondary radiation (deceleration radiation)) from piercing, of which is prevalent upon lunar surface, being entirely exposed to solar rays, cosmic rays, earth shine, CMB, etc.

Also, while a thickness of 1 inch of 'air' can 'stop' alpha radiation, in high atmosphere (where 'air' is especially 'thin') and especially space, and Van Allen belts range and beyond, where there is no 'air' or 'atmosphere', these measurements become irrelevant, since in a 'vacuum', the resistance and forces which alpha and other particles encounter is reduced to almost nothing, in which distance of travel (from origin, in the vector they move out away from) of said particles can potentially be infinite (though not in practicality, as even in 'space' and 'vacuum' there are plenty of things to collide, interact with though at far greater distances than on earth in atmosphere). This was already demonstrated by physics stack exchange - Can a single piece of paper really block all non-electromagnetic ionizing radiation?

** "... The assumption that the February 23, 1956 solar particle event can be represented by the proxy of 10X the September 29, 1989 event leads to a difficult shield design problem. It is clear that designs based on the August 4, 1972 event series will be inadequate to protect the astronaut from this proxy event. Not only are the allowable limits greatly exceeded but also there is a real possibility of mortality in deep space exploration unless a very massive shelter shield is provided. Even then it is likely that the NCRP limits may be exceeded but without serious immediate medical consequence. ..."​

A helpful study in radiation and Coulomb interactions, in NIEL, with various types of materials can be seen here - https://radhome.gsfc.nasa.gov/radhome/papers/nsrec04_pa2_jun.pdf

When people speak about the so called ISS, that is well below the Van Allen belts, and still within the earth's upper atmosphere and electromagnetic fields, magnetosphere, etc. It would not record very high level radiations, though it can still be affected by burst of high level radiation from Solar SPE's.

NASA claims that a 3 year Mars mission, with current 'shielding', would only accrue a circa 1-2 Sv dose of radiation which is ridiculous. Even NASA says,

"... Mars has no global magnetic field to deflect energetic particles, and its atmosphere is much thinner than Earth’s, so they'll get only minimal protection even on the surface of Mars. ...

... The second source of energetic particles is harder to shield. These particles come from galactic cosmic rays, often known as GCRs. They’re particles accelerated to near the speed of light that shoot into our solar system from other stars in the Milky Way or even other galaxies. Like solar particles, galactic cosmic rays are mostly protons. However, some of them are heavier elements, ranging from helium up to the heaviest elements. These more energetic particles can knock apart atoms in the material they strike, such as in the astronaut, the metal walls of a spacecraft, habitat, or vehicle, causing sub-atomic particles to shower into the structure. This secondary radiation, as it is known, can reach a dangerous level." - https://www.nasa.gov/feature/goddar...otect-astronauts-from-space-radiation-on-mars
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How much less the lunar surface with 0 atmosphere, 0 magnetic shielding (except for earth protection).

The most telling statement of all:

"... “Ultimately, the solution to radiation will have to be a combination of things,” said Pellish. “Some of the solutions are technology we have already, like hydrogen-rich materials, but some of it will necessarily be cutting edge concepts that we haven’t even thought of yet.” ..." - ibid.​

Wait. They don't have a final solution yet, and are still in experimental stages? I thought that they were supposed to have all that figured out way back when for the Van Allen and lunar surface, which is more exposed and dangerous than Mars (atmosphere or terrestrial plane) would be.

 

The radiation is not merely left to outside (external), on EVA activities, but can come directly into the airlock, and into the landed 'craft' itself, simply by clinging dust which would have (and as NASA says, did) adhered to the suits and tools/equipment, etc.

The lunar dust is itself radioactive, and once the dust is inside the ship, or airlock, this dust can be breathed into the lungs, nostrils, mouth, gets into the ears, and exposed creases of skin fold, scalp, eyes, etc.

A calculation is presented by NASA about this:

"... Defining the entry probability that a grain of dust will come in contact with an astronaut on an EVA and then comparing that data to actual field tests can be used as a means of validating a measure of effectiveness for various dust mitigation technologies and strategies. For example, the probability of dust grain entering the lander post EVA can be defined as Equation (1) (Hyatt et al., 2007).

P = Pa (1 – PLExt) T PLInt (1) ​

where Pa is the probability of a grain in the near-vicinity of an astronaut adhering to a spacesuit, PLExt is the loss probability of a dust grain external to the habitat in regular EVA activity or mitigation process, PLInt is the probability of grain release from the suit internal to the habitat. The variable T is defined as the transmission coefficient of the internally released dust grain from the airlock to the habitable volume of the habitat (i.e., no airlock T = 1) (Hyatt et al., 2007). ..." - https://commons.erau.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1606&context=publication​

This would also bring up the serious problem of micrometeorite impacts, and soils, 'fines' or dust which would be thrown upward/outward by those impacts, as well as the destruction to equipment, ship, suits, visors, etc. These micrometeorites fall upon the lunar surface, as NASA says, at a rate:

"... Micrometeorite flux can be estimated for the surface of the Moon and is dependent on the Earth-Moon alignment. The backside or far side of the Moon experiences a higher rate of impacts, which may result in different characteristic lunar regolith composition. A power law can approximate the average number of micrometeoroid impacts and size distribution. Micrometeoroid sizes range from 30 to 150 μm in radius with masses of 10–10 to 10–8 kg impact the Moon at speeds averaging 7 km/s (Colwell et al., 2007). Lunar soil formation is primarily due to innumerable micrometeorite impacts forming everything from spheres to highly angular and irregular shape silicate glass particles (Taylor et al., 2005). ..." - ibid.
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Such a 'mission' would have been pelted to death by a thousand cuts as the old saying goes, as well as fractured dust getting into all mechanical systems exposed, whether suit and the locking rings, air lock itself, and internal ship quarters.

Even the ISS experiences holes large enough to have to be patched on the fly, otherwise, air pressure drops dramatically inside, and that is within LEO and below Van Allen protection, and high atmosphere heat, etc.

What about the certain wheels supposedly used on lunar surface, and the serious abrasive wear that should have occurred:

"... The American Modularized Equipment Transporter (MET [Apollo 14]): a two-wheeled unpowered cart used smooth rubber tires supported by nitrogen filled inner-tubes and manufactured by Goodyear to make it easier to pull the cart through soft lunar soil and over rocks. ..." - Reinventing the Wheel



Look at that thing. Would you take that to the 'moon'?
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The LRV (Lunar Rover Vehicle), using aluminum wire mesh wheels ( Wheel, Lunar Rover | National Air and Space Museum ), kicked up enormous amounts of dust (as seen on 'film'), spraying out the back and sides (though, if seen on film, looks as it does when it hits an air (atmosphere) wall, and drops immediately, and does not look like 1/6th E(arth)G(ravity) with no atmosphere); but looks like it was filmed in a desert on earth). New design tires are supposed to support ten times that these did, and they didn't even have the design schematics (lost they say), but had to build them again from scratch and looking at photos. - NASA, Goodyear replicate lunar rover tire | collectSPACE

Even upon landing, the lunar module, should have kicked up clouds of dust everywhere with the thrusters firing nearly until touchdown. Yet, the photos taken, upon EVA of the landing pads, shows, sparkly clean landing pads, and no dust on any of the lunar module at all. Dust should have been still falling, based upon 1/6th G (though with no atmosphere it would fall differently, though affected by lunar surface temp and solar winds striking).