To understand the Philosophy of Spinoza is to understand his core idea: “God is Nature", a single, infinite system where everything, including humans, is interconnected and governed by strict, rational laws, not a personal deity. True freedom comes from using reason to understand these laws, moving beyond uncontrolled emotions (affections) to achieve rational joy and inner peace. Spinoza rejected traditional religion's separate God, afterlife, and chosen people, viewing the universe as a determined, unified whole where everything happens out of necessity, not divine whim.
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