American Baptist History Lesson
Primitive means 'original' and in doctrine and practice, the Primitive Baptists are identical to the original English and Welsh Baptists who immigrated to colonial America. More importantly, the Primitive Baptists are identical to the primitive or first century church in doctrine and practice.
Primitive Baptists are united by a strong desire to adhere to "Thus saith the Lord", refusing man made additions and auxiliaries to the church, we maintain a simple form of worship and rejoice in the truth of God's sovereignty in saving lost sinners.
The name 'Primitive' was adopted after a disagreement arose in the 1820's and 1830's over the use of Missionary Societies, Sunday Schools and Theological Seminaries, which were first introduced to the United States about 1800. Up till that time, all the Baptist churches (with the exception of a few general atonement Baptist churches) were identical in faith and practice.
Eventually, certain churches began to resist the introduction of the Missionary Societies, Sunday Schools and Theological Seminaries on the grounds that they were unscriptural innovations and there was no Biblical authority to authorize their use. (See The Kehukee Declaration and The Black Rock Address) They believed that God, through the Holy Spirit, directs his ministers where to evangelize not a missionary board. They believed that it is the responsibility of parents to instruct their children in the Christian faith, not others. They believed that the scriptural pattern was for young ministers to apprentice or train under elder ministers, not in a seminary. These Baptists were of the Old School in faith and practice and became known as the Primitive Baptists. The churches which adopted the use of Missionary Societies, Sunday Schools and Theological Seminaries were of the New School and became known as Missionary Baptists. The largest denomination of Missionary Baptists today is the Southern Baptist Convention.
"Originally, most of the New School churches were sound on the doctrine of God's Sovereignty in the salvation of sinners. However, practice affects doctrine and vice versa and they soon lost that important truth and became Arminian (belief in the General Atonement). The Primitive Baptists understood this as a vindication against the New School practices and regard Arminianism as an even worse departure from the truth than the Missionary Societies, Sunday Schools and Theological Seminaries they originally stood against.
Primitive Baptists believe there are true believers in the other Christian denominations, however, it is our firm conviction that those believers who are seeking the truth, should return to the place where the truth never ceased to be taught, the Primitive Baptists." excerpt taken form:
http://www.oldschoolbaptist.org/History.htm