The term I've seen used is "reserve buoyancy", generally achieved by airtight or foam-filled compartments large enough to keep the watercraft afloat even when fully swamped. (And as noted above, limited to smaller boats, as it wouldn't be practical to engineer it for a 100,000 ton carrier.) Duck boats as designed don't have reserve buoyancy, but have depended on a powerful bilge pump to stay afloat, quite important during their WW2 use when their thin (for weight-reduction) steel plates were easily punctured by gunfire. The Arkansas tragedy several years back, 13 lives lost, apparently was caused by pump failure in rather calm waters.