Oh Bob, this is getting tiresome. You think that because life today uses only lefthanded amino acids that this must have always been the case. You have no evidence for this, of course.
And, as I have pointed out, neither of us can support our postion with facts because they have been lost to time. So we both are left to speculate. I at least have a reasonable scenario to tell us how we got to all lefthanded proteins. You point out that extant life only uses left handed proteins but cannot show that tis has always been the case. I really do think we have posted the same things enough times for anyone to make up their mind. Do you really think we are going to get any where by endless repeating.
I think you are sidestepping the fact that you have no evidence that life has always used only left handed proteins. I think you are sidestepping the fact the random orientations can form proteins even if they are not useful to modern organisms. (I object to your continued use of "lethal" to describe them. I think not non-useful is more accurate.) I think you are sidestepping the fact that we have an efficient enzyme to make left handed amino acids. And I think you are sidestepping the selective advantage that proteins using only lefthanded amino acids would have in the presence of such an enzyme.
On the other hand, you think that I am appealing to wishful thinking to avoid your problems.
Neither of us are convincing the other and I think we have both stated our case fully enough for the reader to make their own judgment on our positions. Therefore I propose that we move on to toher topics if we wish to maintain any sense of debate. I am perfectly willing to examine any evidence that you wish to put into discussion.
If you choose not to move on to some of the other topics that are on the table, I will take that as either a sign that you are not willing to engage in meaningful debate and are instead only interested in demagoguery. Or that you are unable to have a meaningful debate on the topics before us.
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If you're qoing to do the partial sentence, partial quote snippet postig - how will you convey a point? You seem to have bailed out on that one."
In case you missed it, that was a challenge to you to examine some of the evidence I have presented.
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Lets see - a driving force "Toward life" by "disorder and decay"??"
Why don't you read the paper and actually make a factual objection if you have trouble with what it claims. Here is the URL again.
http://www.aeiveos.com/~bradbury/Authors/Evolution/Prigogine-I/ToE.html
As far as your Asimov quote, your answer is string you in the face. I'll bold it for you, again.
Another way of stating the second law then is, 'The universe is constantly getting more disorderly!' Viewed that way we can see the second law all about us. We have to work hard to straighten a room, but left to itself it becomes a mess again very quickly and very easily. Even if we never enter it, it becomes dusty and musty.
So you see, the universe trends towards entropy but through work, local decreases in entropy are possible. In fact, as shown by G=H-TS, this local decrease can be both spontaneous and thermodynamically favored. You still have not answered what problems this required decrease in entropy poses. You level of discussion on this is also bordering on demagoguery. You post the same thing time after time without ever telling us what the consequences are nor telling us why the responses are wrong. I take this, too, as a sign that you are either unwilling or unable to enter into a general debate on the subject.
If you really wish meaningful debate, I challenge you to examine the list of topics presented above. I feel confidant that you will choose not to enter the debate and will instead repeat the same things you have been repeating for weeks without bothering to present anything new nor to address the items that have been brought to you attention on even the topics with which you seem to be obsessed. You are not changing anyone's mind, any readers have long since seen both sides and have plenty of information to make up their own minds, and this is becoming quite boring. Of course, maybe that is your plan. Bore all the lurkers away hoping they will not see all the evindence against your position.
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SCIENCE consistently points to STASIS - variation within kind - even extreme variation as in wolf to poodle."
Oh really? News to me. As a chance to get you into a real debate, show me how the following transitional series points to stasis. Show me how mammals and reptiles are of the same "kind." I'll just repost something I have presented many times without a response from you.
The differences between mammals and reptiles are considerable. A chief difference is that reptiles have at least four jaw bones and one middle ear bone while mammals have one jaw bone and three middle ear bones. To make matters worse, two bones in the fetal reptile that turn into jaw bones turn into ear bones in developing mammals. Other key differences. Reptile have undifferentiated teeth while mammals have incisors, canines, premolars, and molars. Reptile teeth are continuously replaced, mammals teeth are replaced at most once. Reptile teeth only have a single root while mammal molars have two roots. Reptiles lack a diaphragm. Reptiles have their legs sprawled out to the sides while mammals have their legs underneath. The pelvis of a mammal is fused. They have different numbers of bones in their toes. Reptiles are cold blooded while mammals are warm blooded.
A list of transitional animals with limited comments (still long and still a cut and hatchet job but editted to reduce length):
Paleothyris - A reptile
Protoclepsydrops haplous
Clepsydrops
Archaeothyris - Showed a slight change in teeth
Varanops - Lower jaw shows first changes in jaw musculature...lower-limb musculature starts to change Too late to be a true ancestor, and must be a "cousin".
Haptodus - Teeth become size-differentiated, with biggest teeth in canine region and fewer teeth overall...Vertebrae parts & joints more mammalian.
Dimetrodon, Sphenacodon or a similar sphenacodont - More advanced pelycosaurs, clearly closely related to the first therapsids (next). Dimetrodon is almost definitely a "cousin" and not a direct ancestor... Teeth further differentiated, with small incisors, two huge deep- rooted upper canines on each side, followed by smaller cheek teeth, all replaced continuously. Fully reptilian jaw hinge. Lower jaw bone made of multiple bones & with first signs of a bony prong later involved in the eardrum..
Biarmosuchia - Upper jaw bone (maxillary) expanded to separate lacrymal from nasal bones, intermediate between early reptiles and later mammals. Canine teeth larger, dominating the dentition. Variable tooth replacement: some therocephalians (e.g Scylacosaurus) had just one canine, like mammals, and stopped replacing the canine after reaching adult size. Jaw hinge more mammalian in position and shape, jaw musculature stronger (especially the mammalian jaw muscle)...more mammalian femur & pelvis. The toes were approaching equal length, as in mammals, with #toe bones varying from reptilian to mammalian.
Procynosuchus - The first known cynodont -- a famous group of very mammal-like therapsid reptiles, sometimes considered to be the first mammals. Lower incisor teeth was reduced to four (per side), instead of the previous six (early mammals had three). Jaw hinge still reptilian. Scapula beginning to change shape. A diaphragm may have been present.
Dvinia - First signs of teeth that are more than simple stabbing points -- cheek teeth develop a tiny cusp. The dentary bone was now the major bone of the lower jaw. The other jaw bones that had been present in early reptiles were reduced to a complex of smaller bones near the jaw hinge.
Thrinaxodon - Functional division of teeth: incisors (four uppers and three lowers), canines, and then 7-9 cheek teeth with cusps for chewing. The cheek teeth were all alike, though (no premolars & molars), did not occlude together, were all single- rooted, and were replaced throughout life in alternate waves. First sign of the mammalian jaw hinge. Scapula shows development of a new mammalian shoulder muscle. All four legs fully upright, not sprawling. Number of toe bones is intermediate between reptile number and mammalian . The specialization of the lumbar area (e.g. reduction of ribs) is indicative of the presence of a diaphragm, needed for higher O2 intake and homeothermy. The eardrum had developed in the only place available for it -- the lower jaw, right near the jaw hinge, supported by a wide prong (reflected lamina) of the angular bone. Cynodonts developed quite loose quadrates and articulars that could vibrate freely for sound transmittal while still functioning as a jaw joint, strengthened by the mammalian jaw joint right next to it.
Cynognathus - Teeth differentiating further; rate of replacement reduced, with mammalian-style tooth roots (though single roots). TWO JAW JOINTS in place, mammalian and reptilian. Limbs were held under body. There is possible evidence for fur in fossil pawprints.
Diademodon - Mammalian toe bone numbers, with closely related species still showing variable numbers.
Probelesodon - Teeth double-rooted, as in mammals. Second jaw joint stronger. Hip & femur more mammalian.
Probainognathus - Additional cusps on cheek teeth. Still two jaw joints. Mammalian number of toe bones.
Exaeretodon - Mammalian jaw prong forms, related to eardrum support. Three incisors only (mammalian). More mammalian hip related to having limbs under the body. This is probably a "cousin" fossil not directly ancestral, as it has several new but non-mammalian teeth traits.
Oligokyphus, Kayentatherium - Alternate tooth replacement with double-rooted cheek teeth, but without mammalian-style tooth occlusion. Skeleton strikingly like egg- laying mammals (monotremes). Double jaw joint. Scapula is now substantially mammalian, and the forelimb is carried directly under the body. Various changes in the pelvis bones...this animal's limb musculature and locomotion were virtually fully mammalian. There is disagreement about whether the tritylodontids were ancestral to mammals or whether they are a specialized offshoot group not directly ancestral to mammals.
Pachygenelus, Diarthrognathus - Alternate replacement of mostly single- rooted teeth. This group also began to develop double tooth roots -- in Pachygenelus the single root of the cheek teeth begins to split in two at the base. Pachygenelus also has mammalian tooth enamel. Double jaw joint, with the second joint ...fully mammalian. Reptilian jaw joint still present but functioning almost entirely in hearing. Highly mobile, mammalian-style shoulder. These are probably "cousin" fossils, not directly ancestral.
Adelobasileus cromptoni - Currently the oldest known "mammal."
Sinoconodon - The next known very ancient proto-mammal. Mammalian jaw joint stronger. This final refinement of the joint automatically makes this animal a true "mammal". Reptilian jaw joint still present, though tiny.
Kuehneotherium - A slightly later proto-mammal, sometimes considered the first known pantothere (primitive placental-type mammal). Teeth and skull like a placental mammal. The three major cusps on the upper & lower molars were rotated to form interlocking shearing triangles as in the more advanced placental mammals & marsupials. Still has a double jaw joint, though.
Eozostrodon, Morganucodon, Haldanodon - Truly mammalian teeth: the cheek teeth were finally differentiated into simple premolars and more complex molars, and teeth were replaced only once. Tiny remnant of the reptilian jaw joint. Thought to be ancestral to all three groups of modern mammals -- monotremes, marsupials, and placentals.
Peramus - A "eupantothere" (more advanced placental-type mammal). The closest known relative of the placentals & marsupials.
Endotherium
Kielantherium and Aegialodon
Steropodon galmani - The first known definite monotreme.
Vincelestes neuquenianus - A probably-placental mammal with some marsupial traits.
Pariadens kirklandi - The first definite marsupial.
Kennalestes and Asioryctes - Canine now double rooted.
Cimolestes, Procerberus, Gypsonictops - Primitive North American placentals with same basic tooth pattern.
So we have a finely divided set of fossils going from purely reptile to purely mammal with intermediate features seen gradually changing throughout the sequence.
To read more see
THIS WEB PAGE
and
THIS WEB PAGE
The latter has drawings of the jaw in transistion to see what it looked like. The former has the full text of most of what I posted above.
[ July 09, 2004, 11:07 PM: Message edited by: Gina L ]