There is a Balm in Gilead
circa 1800
The first Africans on American shores arrived in chains. Their hellish voyage aboard slave ships was only the beginning of their sorrows. The breakup of their families, the oppression of bondage, the whips and shackles, their loss of dignity... it all combined to kill both body and spirit.
But the souls of the slaves found release through singing, and a unipque form of music evolved called the "Negro Spiritual." Spirituals differed greatly from the hymns we've thus far studied. The classics of English hymnody were largely written by pastors like Isaac Watts and John Newton out of their studies of Scripture. African-American slaves, on the other hand, composed their songs in the fields and barns, the words dealing with daily pain and future hope.
Often the slaves were allowed to sing while working. If, for example, they were hauling a fallen tree, they would combine muscles and voices, using the musical rhythms for a "heave-ho" effect. Other times, risking the lash or branding iron, they'd slip into torch-lit groves to worship the Lord. With swaying bodies, they would stand, eyes half-closed, singing, "Go Down, Moses," "Roll, Jordan, Roll," "He's Got the Whole World in His Hands," and the classic "There is a Balm in Gilead" based on Jeremiah 8:22.
"Hymns more genuine than these have never been sung since the psalmists of Israel relieved their burdened hearts," wrote Edith A. Talbot.
Fisk University in Nashville, Tennessee, was established after the Civil War, and the famous Fisk Jubilee Singers popularized these Negro spirituals around the world. Composers began arranging spirituals in a way that appealed to the larger population and this gave rise to another type of Christian music, tagged by composer Thomas A. Dorsey as "gospel songs."
Few Negro spirituals can be precisely dated, nor are many specific authors known, but they have mightily influenced American Christian music, even our "children's songs." The roots of the children's Sunday School chorus, "Do Lord," for example, is in this old spiritual:
O do, Lord, remember me!
For Death is a simple thing,
And he go from door to door
And he knock down some, and he cripple up some,
And he leave some here to pray.
O do, Lord, remember me!