The principle by which infants can be entered into the covenant without their conscious assent is called the principle of Covenantal Hierarchy. We see this principle throughout the scriptures and it begins all the way back in Genesis.
St. Paul describes this for us thusly:
Ro 5:12 Wherefore, as by one man sin entered into the world, and death by sin; and so death passed upon all men, for that all have sinned:
Notice that the sin of our covenantal head, Adam, is placed upon us all. In essence, he acts on behalf of the entire human race when he breaks God's law, and before you or I were born, before we could even say "yea" or "nay" to his act, we are counted sinners and cast from Paradise with him.
Since God applies sin to us in this manner, it is only consistent with His justness that He allow this principle to apply to righteousness as well. Thus, when the covenantal head of a family circumcized his son, that child was entered into the kingdom on the strength of the father's faith. And in like manner, with the covenantal sign/seal of the New Covenant, the children baptized into the kingdom are entered through the faith of the parents.
Actually, since it is Jesus Who does the baptizing, the priest being only the tool that is used for the rite, one could say that it relly is the faith of Jesus Himself which brings us back into the covenant of God. Jesus is the Last Adam (1 Corin. 15:45) and therefore, He reverses in like manner all that the first Adam destroyed. Thus, when Adam acts for us without our consent and severs us from God, Jesus acts without our consent and restores that fellowship. Even the faith we have as adults being baptized is relly His gift to us, for the Catholic Faith recognizes that all comes from Him.
I hope that makes sense. There is a website where you can read a book on covenantalism. It is the
I.C.E. Freebooks Website and there is a book there by Ray Sutton which explains the 5 principles which make up a covenant. The book is THAT YOU MAY PROSPER -- Dominion by Covenant. I strongly recommend it to get a good foundation in the covenant. Then read Scott Hahn's A FATHER WHO KEEPS HIS PROMISE and you will get the rest of the picture, for Hahn puts the beauty of the flesh on Sutton's skeletal foundation of covenant.
Happy reading!!
Brother Ed
PS Priscilla Ann....I just saw your post and have to add this addendum.
Confirmation is that time when the child, having been instructed in the faith, makes the covenant his or her own. Until that time, in innocency and learning, the child is covered by the faith of the hierarchial head. All of us must make covenant for our own, but it is made upon a conscious decision. God does not penalize the child who cannot make that decision as an infant, but allows for the faith of the covenantal head of the family to stand in for the child. And certainly you must admit that this is not only fair, but consistent with the way the covenant worked in the OT, right?