SEVENTEENTH CENTURY
BAPTISTS: Founded by John Smith, at one time pastor of a church at Gainsborough, Lincolnshire, England, that had separated from the Church of England. About 1606, to escape persecution, he and his flock emigrated to Amsterdam. Smith died in 1612.
Taught only baptism of immersion t be valid; predestination; denied free-will; good works ;purgatory; the Sacraments, and the forgiveness of sin.
JANSENISTS: Cornelius Jansenius was born Oct. 28, 1585, of a Catholic family in the village of Accoi (near Leerdam), Holland. He made most of his studies at Louvain, and later occupied the chair of exegesis at the same institution of learning, where he acquired considerable renown. In 1635 he was appointed Bishop of Ypres. He lived and died a member of the Catholic Church, but it was from his writings, published after his death, that Jansenism took its rise. The Jansenists deny free-will and the possiblity of resisting grace.
UNIVERSALISTS: The earliest exponent of the doctrine of Universalism was probably Samuel Gorton, a New England mystic, who aired his views as early as 1636. The belief did not receive definite organization, however until 1750, when James Relly organized a Universalist church in London, to which he ministered until his death, some thirty years later.
They deny the divinity of Christ; believe in the universal salvation of all; deny the Sacraments; free-will; good works, and the doctrine of the Trinity.
MUFFLETONIANS: John Reeve (1608-1658) and Lodowicke Muggleton (1609-1698), obscure journeymen tailors, who claimed to have the spirit of prophecy, propagated their views in London about the year 1651, and launched this sect. They denied the Trinity; claimed the devil became incarnate in Eve, and humanized the Deity.
QUAKERS: Started by George Fox, the son of a well-to-do weaver, born at Fenny Drayton, in Leicestershire, England, in July, 1624. He was apprenticed to a shoe-maker at an early age and received very little education. Disgusted with the vanity of the world, he cut himself off from it, brooded for years, and while in this melancholy state conceived the imaginings of his own distorted mind to be new revelations, which he began to preach in 1647.
He believed every man to have an "inner light" which was his only guide; rejected almost everything external in religion; condemned oaths, art, music, the drama, the bearing of arms, etc.
EIGHTEENTH CENTURY
MORAVIANS: Organized by Nikolaus Ludwig, Count von Zinaindorn (1700-1760). Born at Dresden, he was a very pious and religious man. An ordained minister in the Lutheran Church, he purchased and estate in Berthelsdorf, Germany and built up a quietistic community. Later he began travelling about establishing communities and instilling into them old Moravian doctrines.
The Moravians consider the Scriptures the only rule of faith shun discussion on the Trinity, the Fall, Original Sin, although they admit these doctrines; hold a doctrine of "Total Depravity", and admit only two sacraments.
METHODISTS: Founded by John Wesley, who was born at Epworth, Lincolnshire, England, June 17, 1703. He was ordained a clergyman of the Anglican Church in 1728, and in 1736, when he visited Savannah in Georgia, came into contact with Moravian doctrines. He organized the first Methodist Society in 1739. Shortly after he left the Anglican Communion and organized his own church.
The Methodist doctrine is borrowed from the Anglicans and Calvanists. They hold Scripture to be the sole and sufficient rule of belief and practice; teach justification by faith alone, although the practice of good works is commended; condemn works of supererogation; admit only two sacraments; condemn the invocation of the Saints and the veneration of sacred images and relics; and deny purgatory.
SHAKERS : Jane Wardley, with the help of her brother James, organized this sect in England in the year 1747. Later they were joined by Ann Lee, of Manchester, who claimed to be Christ in His second reincarnation. She came to America in 1774.
They deny Christ in worship and substitute in His place "The Highest Good, wherever it may be found:" esteem virginity; confess sins to an elder of the same sex and before a witness; believe in a continuous revelation; practice communism, but exclude married people.
SWEDENBORGIANS: Disciples of Emmanuel Swedenborg, who was born at Stockholm, Jan. 29, 1688. Up to 1745 he was an engineer, skilled in mathematics and the physical sciences. Then he became a theological writer. He was endowed with extraordinary talents, and claimed to have received new revelations from God He died in London, March 29,1772.
The Swedenborgians hold that as the Christian religion succeeded the Jewish, so the Swedenborgian supplements the Christian; deny the Catholic doctrine of the Trinity; deny original sins; reject monasticism; deny the resurrection of the body; and claim the Last Judgment was held in 1757 in Swedenborg’s presence; believe angels and devils to be former members of the human race.
MICHAELIANS: Organized by John M. Hahn, a Swabian Theosophist, who was born at Altdorf in 1758, had "visions" at 17, 20 and 22 years of age, and then began to proclaim his beliefs. He died in 1819.
He taught a double fall of man: that the work of Christ is not merely for, but within man; denied hell, and believed in the final salvation of all
NINETEENTH CENTURY
GERMAN REFORMED: Reformed churches in general are those that began with the doctrine of Luther, then embraced those of Zwingli, and finally swerved towards Calvinism. As a result they are infected with the errors of all these false teachers.
DISCIPLES OF CHRIST: Sometimes called "Campbellites" after Thomas Campbell, of Bethany, Va., who with his son, Alexander, was their founder in 1809. He had been a Presbyterian and then a Baptist before starting his own sect. He taught that the Bible was the only rule of faith; that the Old Testament was binding only on the Jews; and denied the Eucharist.Campbell's son, Alexander, took up his father's work and became a leader in religious reform and a champion of popular democracy. In the 1820s he began an association with a like-minded reformer named Barton Stone. In 1832 the movements associated with these two men merged to form what they called the Christian Church(Disciples of Christ).
TRUE REFORMED DUTCH: Organized by Sol Froeligh, a Dutch clergyman, who led a secession movement in the Reformed Dutch Church in 1822. He held that the Reformed Dutch Church had become erroneous in doctrine, corrupt in practice, and lax in discipline. During recent years the sect has almost died out.
HICKSITES: Founded by Elias Hicks (1748-1830), and American minister of the Society of Friends (Quakers), who became leader of a faction in the Society in 1817, and broke away from the main body in 1828. He denied the divinity of Christ, the Atonement, and the Trinity.
MORMONS: Organized by Joseph Smith, the son of a Vermont farmer, and born in that State Dec. 23, 1805. He claimed to have received a new revelation in 1827, which resulted in the "Book of Mormon", published at Palmyra, N.Y., in March 1830. Smith was killed by a mob in Carthage, Ill., on June 27, 1844, and Brigham Young succeeded him as leader of the sect.
The Mormons have a wrong conception of the fall of man, apparently holding Adam’s sin to have been one of lust; believe God endowed with a body of flesh and bone; hold matter to have existed spiritually before creation; the bond of marriage to be eternal; and believe in a happy Millennium on this earth.
BAPTISTS: Founded by John Smith, at one time pastor of a church at Gainsborough, Lincolnshire, England, that had separated from the Church of England. About 1606, to escape persecution, he and his flock emigrated to Amsterdam. Smith died in 1612.
Taught only baptism of immersion t be valid; predestination; denied free-will; good works ;purgatory; the Sacraments, and the forgiveness of sin.
JANSENISTS: Cornelius Jansenius was born Oct. 28, 1585, of a Catholic family in the village of Accoi (near Leerdam), Holland. He made most of his studies at Louvain, and later occupied the chair of exegesis at the same institution of learning, where he acquired considerable renown. In 1635 he was appointed Bishop of Ypres. He lived and died a member of the Catholic Church, but it was from his writings, published after his death, that Jansenism took its rise. The Jansenists deny free-will and the possiblity of resisting grace.
UNIVERSALISTS: The earliest exponent of the doctrine of Universalism was probably Samuel Gorton, a New England mystic, who aired his views as early as 1636. The belief did not receive definite organization, however until 1750, when James Relly organized a Universalist church in London, to which he ministered until his death, some thirty years later.
They deny the divinity of Christ; believe in the universal salvation of all; deny the Sacraments; free-will; good works, and the doctrine of the Trinity.
MUFFLETONIANS: John Reeve (1608-1658) and Lodowicke Muggleton (1609-1698), obscure journeymen tailors, who claimed to have the spirit of prophecy, propagated their views in London about the year 1651, and launched this sect. They denied the Trinity; claimed the devil became incarnate in Eve, and humanized the Deity.
QUAKERS: Started by George Fox, the son of a well-to-do weaver, born at Fenny Drayton, in Leicestershire, England, in July, 1624. He was apprenticed to a shoe-maker at an early age and received very little education. Disgusted with the vanity of the world, he cut himself off from it, brooded for years, and while in this melancholy state conceived the imaginings of his own distorted mind to be new revelations, which he began to preach in 1647.
He believed every man to have an "inner light" which was his only guide; rejected almost everything external in religion; condemned oaths, art, music, the drama, the bearing of arms, etc.
EIGHTEENTH CENTURY
MORAVIANS: Organized by Nikolaus Ludwig, Count von Zinaindorn (1700-1760). Born at Dresden, he was a very pious and religious man. An ordained minister in the Lutheran Church, he purchased and estate in Berthelsdorf, Germany and built up a quietistic community. Later he began travelling about establishing communities and instilling into them old Moravian doctrines.
The Moravians consider the Scriptures the only rule of faith shun discussion on the Trinity, the Fall, Original Sin, although they admit these doctrines; hold a doctrine of "Total Depravity", and admit only two sacraments.
METHODISTS: Founded by John Wesley, who was born at Epworth, Lincolnshire, England, June 17, 1703. He was ordained a clergyman of the Anglican Church in 1728, and in 1736, when he visited Savannah in Georgia, came into contact with Moravian doctrines. He organized the first Methodist Society in 1739. Shortly after he left the Anglican Communion and organized his own church.
The Methodist doctrine is borrowed from the Anglicans and Calvanists. They hold Scripture to be the sole and sufficient rule of belief and practice; teach justification by faith alone, although the practice of good works is commended; condemn works of supererogation; admit only two sacraments; condemn the invocation of the Saints and the veneration of sacred images and relics; and deny purgatory.
SHAKERS : Jane Wardley, with the help of her brother James, organized this sect in England in the year 1747. Later they were joined by Ann Lee, of Manchester, who claimed to be Christ in His second reincarnation. She came to America in 1774.
They deny Christ in worship and substitute in His place "The Highest Good, wherever it may be found:" esteem virginity; confess sins to an elder of the same sex and before a witness; believe in a continuous revelation; practice communism, but exclude married people.
SWEDENBORGIANS: Disciples of Emmanuel Swedenborg, who was born at Stockholm, Jan. 29, 1688. Up to 1745 he was an engineer, skilled in mathematics and the physical sciences. Then he became a theological writer. He was endowed with extraordinary talents, and claimed to have received new revelations from God He died in London, March 29,1772.
The Swedenborgians hold that as the Christian religion succeeded the Jewish, so the Swedenborgian supplements the Christian; deny the Catholic doctrine of the Trinity; deny original sins; reject monasticism; deny the resurrection of the body; and claim the Last Judgment was held in 1757 in Swedenborg’s presence; believe angels and devils to be former members of the human race.
MICHAELIANS: Organized by John M. Hahn, a Swabian Theosophist, who was born at Altdorf in 1758, had "visions" at 17, 20 and 22 years of age, and then began to proclaim his beliefs. He died in 1819.
He taught a double fall of man: that the work of Christ is not merely for, but within man; denied hell, and believed in the final salvation of all
NINETEENTH CENTURY
GERMAN REFORMED: Reformed churches in general are those that began with the doctrine of Luther, then embraced those of Zwingli, and finally swerved towards Calvinism. As a result they are infected with the errors of all these false teachers.
DISCIPLES OF CHRIST: Sometimes called "Campbellites" after Thomas Campbell, of Bethany, Va., who with his son, Alexander, was their founder in 1809. He had been a Presbyterian and then a Baptist before starting his own sect. He taught that the Bible was the only rule of faith; that the Old Testament was binding only on the Jews; and denied the Eucharist.Campbell's son, Alexander, took up his father's work and became a leader in religious reform and a champion of popular democracy. In the 1820s he began an association with a like-minded reformer named Barton Stone. In 1832 the movements associated with these two men merged to form what they called the Christian Church(Disciples of Christ).
TRUE REFORMED DUTCH: Organized by Sol Froeligh, a Dutch clergyman, who led a secession movement in the Reformed Dutch Church in 1822. He held that the Reformed Dutch Church had become erroneous in doctrine, corrupt in practice, and lax in discipline. During recent years the sect has almost died out.
HICKSITES: Founded by Elias Hicks (1748-1830), and American minister of the Society of Friends (Quakers), who became leader of a faction in the Society in 1817, and broke away from the main body in 1828. He denied the divinity of Christ, the Atonement, and the Trinity.
MORMONS: Organized by Joseph Smith, the son of a Vermont farmer, and born in that State Dec. 23, 1805. He claimed to have received a new revelation in 1827, which resulted in the "Book of Mormon", published at Palmyra, N.Y., in March 1830. Smith was killed by a mob in Carthage, Ill., on June 27, 1844, and Brigham Young succeeded him as leader of the sect.
The Mormons have a wrong conception of the fall of man, apparently holding Adam’s sin to have been one of lust; believe God endowed with a body of flesh and bone; hold matter to have existed spiritually before creation; the bond of marriage to be eternal; and believe in a happy Millennium on this earth.