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So, The first council taught some good things, but it is pretty well admitted today that the so-called Semi Arians were in fact Orthodox, and were simply unhappy with the unscriptural language of the Athanasian party. Still the Nicene Creed is still a pretty good guide....even though much of evangelical protestantism - following the heretical John Calvin - denies its teaching. Nicaea also split the Christian world into patriarchies - another heresy.
Chalcedon (451) - how can anyone say anything good about that one? Vain speculation had become the litmus test for true christianity. Or Ephesus (431) with its theotokos?
Dean
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I'm intrigued by your comments re the semi-Arians being orthodox; could you expand on that please?
I think it was Latourette's History of Christianity in which I read a good discussion of that - though I have come across bits here and there in journals etc, which pretty much say that the semi arians were for the most part orthodox, and were unhappy introducing innovations to the apostolic faith in the form of new words - they were also unhappy at the word hoo-ousios because it had been used by Sabellians - it was only after they were assured of a correct understanding of the word that they were willing to concede to the demands of the emperor that the word be used. For an account of what the semi arians believed about Christ, one only has to read the first few chapters or so of Eusebius' ecclesiastical history - with its awesome presentation of the deity of Christ. The famous Bishop Bull in his word Defence of the Creed of Nicaea (which I totally recommend to anyone and everyone) says:
The Council of Antioch held against Paul of Samatosa about 60 years before Nice, expressly repudiated the term [homo-ousios]. This was because "He (Paul of Samasota) might have admitted the term in the same sense as Sabellius" (Petavius). Sabellius had troubled the church with his false teaching of modalism, teaching that the Father, the Son and the Holy Spirit were simply three modes or manifestations of the one God. the Council of Antioch therefore in reaction rejected the term 'Homo-ousios'. Sandius (Enucl. Histor. Ecclesiast.i.p112.) wrote concerning the semi arian party at Nicaea: "For they who repudiated the term "of one substance", affirmed that those who approved of it, were introducing afresh the opinions of Montanus and Sabellius, and accordingly they called them blasphemers. Socrat. Eccl. Hist.i.23, and Sozom.ii.18."
Socrates and Sozomen relate that after the Nicene council there were great contentions concerning the word homo-ousios amongst the very bishops who subscibed to the Nicene Creed, especially between Eusebius Pamphili and Eustathius of Antioch; the former with his party charging Eustathius and his party, who asserted the article "of one substance," with Montanism and Sabellianism. Eustathius' teacher Marcellus was pure Sabellian, and therefore it seems that Eustathius tried to introduce this doctrine into Nicaea. The bishops assembled at Antioch singled Eustathius out for "holding rather the opinions of Sabellius, than those which the council of Nice decreed" and deposed him from the See of Antioch.
Both Ephesus and Chalcedon were invaluable IMO, despite the Ephesian formulation of the theotokos doctrine re the Virgin Mary (in any even this was intended to be a Christological rather than Mariological statement to counter Nestorianism), Ephesus affirmed that Jesus was One Person, not two; and Chalcedon affirmed over and against monophysitism and docetism that He had Two Natures, not one (fully God and fully Man). I don't see how you can say that they had nothing good about them,
I disagree, respectfully. There were two Councils of Ephesus held in the same year - one held by the western churches, which condemned the eastern, and one held by the eastern which condemned the western. Even the pope in meeting an eastern patriarch some years ago (I think '84 - but not sure) acknowledged they held no heresy.
Well gotta go - i might try and come back to this later. take care
Dean