Hi Nolan,
Great topic for discussion!
Let me respond to just one of the verses you cited.
In the Greek, the text reads "...and knows all." Every translation in English I looked at renders "all" as either "all things" or "everything." Neither of these translation choices is based on context, but on an attribute of God, as knowing everything. This is false. Jesus did not know when He would return, yet was said to "know all things" again adding "things" to "all" to insert an attribute thought to be God's. (John 21:17)
Anytime we see "all" (pas) in the text we should ask the question "all of what?" God knows all about the individuals He interacts with, such as Peter, or those who love God. In 1 John 3:20 God knows our thoughts and deeds, and since God does not condemn us, we should not either.
A better translation choice, pointing to whatever the context is referring to, is "all these things."
One final point, you referred to God "predicting the future." God does not predict the future, He declares what will happen, and then makes whatever was declared happen by intervening as necessary. When scripture says something happens "according to the "foreknowledge of God" a better translation would be according to God's implementation of God's predetermined plan.
Foreknowledge refers (in scripture) to knowledge formulated or acquired in the past being utilized in the present.