Originally posted by Will J. Kinney:
A Trail of Evidence
We find mention of 1 John 5:7, from about 200 AD through the 1500s. Here is a useful timeline of references to this verse:
200 AD Tertullian quoted the verse in his Apology, Against Praxeas
Here's the actual quote:
"Thus the connection of the Father in the Son, and of the Son in the Paraclete, produces three coherent Persons, who are yet distinct One from Another. These Three are, one essence, not one Person, as it is said, “I and my Father are One,” in respect of unity of substance not singularity of number." (Tertullian,
Against Praxeas, 25.1)
We can see that Tertullian describes the triune nature of God in this passage and clearly quotes Jn. 10:30, but it's not at all obvious that he's quoting the Comma. His use of the phrase "these three are one" is no more a quotation of the Comma than Chrysostom's use of "the three are one" in the passage below is a quotation of the Comma:
"Behold again a third ground of obligation; for he shows that a man leaving them that begat him, and from whom he was born, is knit to his wife; and that then the one flesh is, father, and mother, and the child, from the substance of the two commingled. For indeed by the commingling of their seeds is the child produced, so that THE THREE ARE ONE flesh." (Chrysostom,
Homily 20 on Ephesians).
Tertullian's alleged citation must be set aside because of its extremely high degree of uncertainty.
250 AD Cyprian of Carthage, wrote, "And again, of the Father, Son, and Holy Ghost it is written: "And the three are One" in his On The Lapsed, On the Novatians. Note that Cyprian is quoting and says "it is written, And the three are One." He lived from 180 to 250 A.D. and the scriptures he had at that time contained the verse in question. This is at least 100 years before anything we have today in the Greek copies. If it wasn't part of Holy Scripture, then where did he get it?
First of all, the alleged Cyprian citation is from
On the Unity of the Catholic Church 6, and not from the works you cite. Secondly, Cyprian's alleged citation of the Comma is also uncertain because it's not at all clear whether the words he's actually quoting from 1 John are from the disputed Comma or from the undisputed sentence next to it. There are numerous variations of 1 Jn. 5:7-8 in the Old Latin texts, both with and without the Comma. The basic reading of the form *with* the Comma (with some variation) is:
"Tres sunt qui testimonium dicunt in terra, spiritus (et) aqua et sanguis, et (hi) tres unum sunt; et tres sunt qui testimonium dicunt in caelo, pater (et) verbum et spiritus, et (hi) tres unum sunt."
"There are three who bear witness on earth, [the] Spirit (and) [the] water and [the] blood, and ([the]/these) three are one; and there are three who bear witness in heaven, [the] Father (and) the Word and the Spirit, and ([the]/these) three are one."
The basic reading of the Old Latin text *without* the Comma (again, with some variation) is:
"Tres sunt qui testimonium dant, spiritus (et) aqua et sanguis, et (hi) tres unum sunt."
"There are three who bear witness, [the] Spirit (and) [the] water and [the] blood, and ([the]/these) three are one."
Compare both forms with Cyprian's quotation:
"Dicit Dominus: 'Ego et pater unum sumus;' et iterum de Patre, et Filio, et Spiritu Sancto, scriptum est: 'Et tres unum sunt.'" (
De Catholicae Ecclesiae Unitate 6).
"The Lord says, 'I and [the] Father are one;' and again of [the] Father, [the] Son, and [the] Holy Spirit it is written: 'And [the] three are one.'"
Since the only words Cyprian explicitly quotes from 1 John following the introductory formula "scriptum est" ("it is written") are "et tres unum sunt" ("and [the] three are one"), and since those words appear in forms of the Old Latin text both *with* and *without* the Comma, we have no certain way of knowing which form Cyprian knew and used.
Cyprian's alleged citation must also be set aside because of its extremely high degree of uncertainty
[350 AD Priscillian referred to it [Corpus Scriptorum Ecclesiasticorum Latinorum, Academia Litterarum Vindobonensis, vol. xviii, p. 6.]
Priscillan's citation is the first indisputable instance of the Comma being quoted in a patristic source. The Comma is found in *no sources of any kind* prior to the mid-4th C., and then it appears *only* in Western Latin sources until the 7th C. This tells us that the Comma was a late addition to the text originating in the Latin West sometime in the mid-4th C. and eventually spreading to other regions by the 7th C.
Many critics of this passage like to say that 1 John 5:7 occurs in no ancient language version except the Latin. Well, not only is the passage found in the Latin Vulgate, but it is also in some Old Latin manuscripts, and the Old Latin dates from around 200 A.D.
The Latin Vulgate dates to the 5th C., and the earliest copies (Fuldensis, 6th C. and Amiatinus, early 8th C.) don't have the Comma. And while the Old Latin might date to 200 A.D., our earliest extant Old Latin copies are 5th C., so we have no way of knowing if the Comma existed in the most ancient Old Latin text. The only other early sources are patristic quotations. As we have already seen, Cyprian and Tertullian offer no certain evidence. The only other Latin source we have dating to c. 200 A.D. is the anonymous work
On Rebaptism, which quotes 1 Jn. 5:6-8 in their entirety *without* the Comma:
'For John says of our Lord in his epistle, teaching us: “This is He who came by water and blood, Jesus Christ; not by water only, but by water and blood: and it is the Spirit that beareth witness, because the Spirit is truth. For three bear witness, the Spirit, and the water, and the blood: and these three are one.”' (
On Rebaptism 15).
So the *only* certain Latin witness we have from the same time and locale as Cyprian and Tertullian does *not* have the Comma. In other words, there's not a single shred of certain evidence from *anywhere* before the 4th C. that the Comma existed.
Internal Evidence
Dr. Thomas Holland, who recently wrote "Crowned with Glory", a very good book which defends the King James Bible, states: "The strongest evidence, however, is found in the Greek text itself. Looking at 1 John 5:8, there are three nouns which, in Greek, stand in the neuter (Spirit, water, and blood). However, they are followed by a participle that is masculine. The Greek phrase here is oi marturountes (who bare witness). Those who know the Greek language understand this to be poor grammar if left to stand on its own. Even more noticeably, verse six has the same participle but stands in the neuter (Gk.: to marturoun). Why are three neuter nouns supported with a masculine participle? The answer is found if we include verse seven. There we have two masculine nouns (Father and Son) followed by a neuter noun (Spirit). The verse also has the Greek masculine participle oi marturountes. With this clause introducing verse eight, it is very proper for the participle in verse eight to be masculine, because of the masculine nouns in verse seven. But if verse seven were not there it would become improper Greek grammar." [
Not all the biblical writers always used good grammar, and some biblical writers bent the rules of grammar to make theological statements. The apostle John was one of them. "Before Abraham was, I am" (Jn. 8:58) is not good grammar in either English or Greek, but it is profound theology. So is John's personalizing of the "Spirit, water, and blood" in 1 Jn. 5:8 by using the masculine with reference to three neuter nouns.
Michael Maynard, M.L.S. in his 382 page book "A History of the Debate over 1 John 5:7-8" quotes from Gregory of Nazianzus (390 AD) who remarks concerning this verse in his Theological Orations: . . . "he has not been consistent in the way he has happened upon his terms; for after using Three in the masculine gender he adds three words which are neuter, contrary to the definitions and laws which you and your grammarians have laid down. For what is the difference between putting a masculine Three first, and then adding One and One and One in the neuter, or after a masculine One and One and One to use the Three not in the masculine but in the neuter, which you yourselves disclaim in the case of Deity?"
Mr. Maynard concludes: "Thus Gregory of Nazianzus objected to the omission of 1 John 5:7."
And Mr. Maynard is mistaken, because even though Gregory notes an inconsistency in the Greek grammar, he does not object to either the verse as it stands without the Comma or to its theological significance. Even more telling, Gregory does not quote the Comma itself -- which he surely would have done had he known it because it would have proven *exactly* what he was attempting to prove, namely, the unity and consubstantiality of the Trinity.