covenant of nature established between God and Adam, a covenant of Law between God and Israel, and a covenant of grace established between God and all mankind. This final “covenant of grace” was itself two–fold: a conditional covenant of universal grace with all mankind (a universal “offer of grace”) and an unconditional covenant of particular grace. The former is conditioned on faith; the latter creates faith in the elect. Thus, Amyraldus distinguished between “objective grace” and “subjective grace”.
• Human depravity is essentially noetic, i.e., it derives from the effects of sin upon the mind. It is this noetic effect that produces moral depravity.769 Amyraldus thus reduced the work of regeneration by the Holy Spirit to the illumination of the intellect. Following Cameron, he held “...that the will always follows the intellect, that the irresistible working of God upon the will of man is effected through the illumination of the intellect.”770 Thus, a distinction was made between natural ability and moral ability. Man possesses the former, but lacks the latter. In this, he was in turn followed by Claude Pajon, who further developed this idea.
The views of Amyraldus were supported by his colleagues and the pastors of the Reformed Church in Charenton. He was investigated, tried for heresy, admonished, and cleared by three synods: the National Synod of Alençon (1637), the synod of Charenton (1644), and at the synod of Loudun (1659). The Formula Consensus Helveticus (1675) was written by the Swiss Reformed Church against him, his colleagues and their influence.
Much has been written both for and against the Amyraldian position, especially that of a “hypothetic” universal atonement which teaches that the Lord Jesus Christ died to make men savable or make salvation possible—a position not unlike classic Arminianism, and in itself alters the very purpose and nature of the atonement.771 This issue has been dealt with in Part II of these lectures.
It may suffice, in answer to Amyraldus, to state that his purpose was to effect a reconciliation which was narrower than his universalist principle of compromise could attain. This principle of universalism, a major characteristic of Arminianism (be it hypothetical or not) mitigates against the very essence of consistent Christianity. B. B.