Adding to the confusion....
Exodus 33:1–3 (ESV 2025)
The LORD said to Moses, “Depart; go up from here, you and the people whom you have brought up out of the land of Egypt, to the land of which I swore to Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob, saying, ‘To your offspring I will give it.’
2 I will send an angel before you, and I will drive out the Canaanites, the Amorites, the Hittites, the Perizzites, the Hivites, and the Jebusites.
3 Go up to a land flowing with milk and honey;
but I will not go up among you, lest I consume you on the way, for you are a stiff-necked people.”
[Bolding added]
Joshua 5:13–15 (AV 1873)
And it came to pass, when Joshua was by Jericho, that he lift up his eyes and looked, and behold,
there stood a man over against him with his sword drawn in his hand: and Joshua went unto him, and said unto him, Art thou for us, or for our adversaries?
14And he said, Nay; but
as captain of the host of the LORD am I now come. And Joshua fell on his face to the earth,
and did worship ["and bowed down" (NASB, LEB, NET); "in reverence" (NIV, NLT); "in homage" (CSB)], and said unto him, What saith my lord unto his servant?
15And the captain of the Lord’s host said unto Joshua, Loose thy shoe from off thy foot; for the place whereon thou standest is holy. And Joshua did so.
[Bolding and
words in italics added] [
"...and did worship," linked to a KJV site referencing Strong's #7812]
Daniel 10:18–21 (ESV 2025)
Again
one having the appearance of a man touched me and strengthened me.
19And he said, “O man greatly loved, fear not, peace be with you; be strong and of good courage.” And as he spoke to me, I was strengthened and said, “Let my lord speak, for you have strengthened me.”
20Then he said, “Do you know why I have come to you? But now I will return to fight against the prince of Persia; and when I go out, behold, the prince of Greece will come.
21But I will tell you what is inscribed in the book of truth:
there is none who contends by my side against these except Michael, your prince. [Bolding added]
In the Pseudepigrapha, T. of Abraham, Joshua's Captain of the host of the L
ORD was associated with the angel, Michael.
Testament of Abraham 1.4-6
Therefore the Master God called his archangel Michael and said to him, “Commander-in-chief Michael, go down to Abraham and tell him about his death, so that he may arrange for the disposition of his possessions. 5 For I have blessed him as the stars of heaven and as the sand by the seashore, and he lives in abundance, (having) a large livelihood and many possessions, and he is very rich. But above all others he is righteous in all goodness, (having been) hospitable and loving until the end of his life. 6 But you, archangel Michael, go to Abraham, my beloved friend, announce his death to him, and give him this assurance, 7 ‘At this time you are about to leave this vain world and depart from the body, and you will come to your own Master among the good.’ ”
Charlesworth, James H. 1983. The Old Testament Pseudepigrapha. Vol. 1. New York; London: Yale University Press.
Additionally, John H.Walton and his son, J. Harvey Walton, have an extended discussion about this in their volume,
Demons and Spirits in Biblical Theology: Reading the Biblical Text in Its Cultural and Literary Context.
Rob