Actually, it applies to persons who are "born" or naturalized in the United States. This is about citizenship, and I referred to it in regard to the possibly apocryphal situation where a man was convicted for murder of an African-American, even though he did not consider the victim a person. At the insistence of another poster (
Alcott), I cited the 14th Amendment, specifically written to ensure that all natural-born persons (including former slaves) held citizenship on a federal level, overruling any contrary laws at the state level.
In terms of protection of life, human persons within the United States have protections under US law, even if they are not citizens. That's why so many people are concerned about the welfare of refugees who have presented themselves at our border. Again, the primary question of the abortion issue is whether or not an unborn child (whether zygote, embryo, or fetus) has personhood.
Yes, state laws and Roe v. Wade are quite inconsistent.