Babylon--The Chaldean Babylon on the Euphrates. See  Introduction, ON THE PLACE OF WRITING this Epistle, in proof that 
Rome is  not meant as Papists assert; compare LIGHTFOOT 
sermon. How unlikely that  in a 
friendly salutation the enigmatical title of Rome given in  
prophecy (John, 
Re  17:5), should be used! Babylon was the center from which the Asiatic  
dispersion whom Peter addresses was derived. PHILO [
The Embassy to  Gaius, 36] and JOSEPHUS [
Antiquities, 15.2.2; 23.12] inform us that  Babylon contained a great many Jews in the apostolic age (whereas those at Rome  were comparatively few, about eight thousand [JOSEPHUS, 
Antiquities,  17.11]); so it would naturally be visited by the apostle of the circumcision. It  was the headquarters of those whom he had so successfully addressed on  Pentecost, 
Ac 2:9, Jewish  "Parthians . . . dwellers in Mesopotamia" (the Parthians were then masters of  Mesopotamian Babylon); these he ministered to 
in person. His other  hearers, the Jewish "dwellers in Cappadocia, Pontus, Asia, Phrygia, Pamphylia,"  he now ministers to by letter. The earliest distinct authority for Peter's  martyrdom 
at Rome is DIONYSIUS, bishop of Corinth, in the latter half of  the second century. The desirableness of representing Peter and Paul, the two  leading apostles, as together founding the Church of the metropolis, seems to  have originated the tradition. CLEMENT OF ROME [
First Epistle to the  Corinthians, 4.5], often quoted for, is really against it. He mentions Paul  and Peter together, but makes it as a 
distinguishing circumstance of  Paul, that he preached both in the East and West, implying that Peter never was  in the West. In 
2Pe 1:14, he  says, "I must 
shortly put off this tabernacle," implying his martyrdom  was near, yet he makes no allusion to Rome, or any intention of his visiting it.