The Holy Place is in Heaven
22 But ye are come unto mount Sion, and unto the city of the living God, the heavenly Jerusalem, and to an innumerable company of angels,
23 To the general assembly and church of the firstborn, which are written in heaven, and to God the Judge of all, and to the spirits of just men made perfect,
24 And to Jesus the mediator of the new covenant, and to the blood of sprinkling, that speaketh better things than that of Abel.
25 See that ye refuse not him that speaketh. For if they escaped not who refused him that spake on earth, much more shall not we escape, if we turn away from him that speaketh from heaven:
Hebrews 12:23
There are several contextual and grammatical factors that must be understood clearly if this passage is to be interpreted correctly.
First, the shift from salvation to sanctification occurs in Hebews 10:18. From Hebrews 10:18 until the close of the book is about FAITHFUL SERVICE. The public assembling is introduced at this juncture (Heb. 10:25). The faithfulness of O.T. saints is provided as MOTIVATION for N.T. Saints (Heb. 11) as they compose the "great crowd of witnesses" in Heb. 12:1 that cheers the Hebrew Christians to be faithful. The race in Hebrews 12:1-4 is not about salvation but about service. The example of Jesus is presented to motivate to FAITHFULNESS (Heb. 12:2-4). The discipline in Heb. 12:5-10 is God means to motivate to faithful service. This is then followed by NEGATIVE examples (Esau, Israel).
Second, the Greek text uses a plural not a singular, and thus, it is literally the “congregation of firstborn
ones.”
Third, it is in this capacity as “firstborn” that the ekklesia is being contrasted with Esau and Israel (Heb. 12:15-17). From Genesis to Moses, the right of firstborn not only included a double portion, but also the leadership position in the family especially in public worship. The other children received inheritance but the firstborn received "double." Cain had rejected his right of firstborn, as the priest in his family by rejecting the ordained sacrifice in public worship (Heb. 11:4). Esau had rejected his right as firstborn by selling it for a “
mess of pottage” (Heb. 12:14-17). From Moses to Christ the firstborn was the tribe of Levi who served in the “
house of God” within God’s professing kingdom (Israel). From Christ’s first coming unto his second coming it is the
ekklesia that holds the position of firstborn within the family of God and professing kingdom of God.
When Israel assembled as an
ekklesia at the foot of Mount Sinai in public worship of God, they had come into the very presence of God, angels and heaven but continued in rebellion until they ultimately rejected the same covenant sacrifice that Cain rejected and therefore, God rejected their pubic worship as the “
house of God” (Mt. 23:37) and would destroy it just a few years later in 70 A.D.
Now these believing Jews were about to despise their own birthright by forsaking the assembling of themselves together after the New Testament order, refusing the New Covenant sacrifice as did Cain, Esau and Israel.
Fourth, this church of “
firstborn ones” is not in heaven, but only “
written in heaven” but existed on earth, just as the Lord’s disciples had their names written in heaven but existed on earth:
Lu 10:20
Notwithstanding in this rejoice not, that the spirits are subject unto you; but rather rejoice, because your names are written in heaven.
Nevertheless, as the “church of firstborn ones” they had come into the presence of heaven, God and angels just as did the Jewish
ekklesia at Mount Sinai when it assembled as instructed by God. The scriptures clearly demonstrate that New Testament ekklesia meets as the house or church “
of God” (1 Cor. 1:2) and therefore God meets with them at each assembly. Moreover, the scriptures clearly teach that angels attend the assemblies (1 Cor. 11:10; Eph. 3:10) and so the ekklesia assembles in the presence of heaven.
Fifth, Paul uses the perfect tense in verse 18 and verse 22 demonstrating that they had already come into the presence of God and heaven as the church of firstborn ones. The contrast is between the organized Jewish
ekklesia which met at Mount Sinai in contrast to their assembling which they are told not to forsake (Heb. 10:25; 12:23), and which the act of forsaking declares repudiation of the New Covenant and its administration.
[1] The Jewish
ekklesia was not assembled in heaven but at Mount Sinai on earth, yet heaven assembled with that
ekklesia. Likewise, with the New Testament
ekklesia when it assembles on earth heaven is present. The ekklesia no more assembled in heaven than did the Jewish ekklesia at Mount Sinai. In both cases it is heaven that attended the earth located assembly.
Sixth, the overall context is designed to demonstrate that the New Covenant is superior to the Old Covenant. These Jewish believers were contemplating forsaking the New Covenant and returning to Judaism under the Old Covenant. Faithfulness to the New Covenant included faithfulness in assembling themselves together (Heb. 10:25) under the leadership of their elders (Heb. 13:7, 17). Forsaking the New Covenant was manifested by forsaking the assembling of themselves together (Heb. 10:25b) and thus refusing to be submissive to their ordained leadership. Hebrews 12:22-28 is designed to reveal to them what they are forsaking when they forsake the assembling together and return to Judaism.
Just as the Old Covenant administration had ordinances and a sanctuary located in the world (the temple) so also did the New Covenant administration (Heb. 9:1).
When all of these contextual factors are considered, then the normal meaning of
ekklesia makes sense in this passage.
[1] If one understands the act of forsaking the assembling in Hebrews 10:25 as repudiation of the whole Christian system of faith and practice, then Hebrews 10:26-30 takes on a completely new meaning.