Hi JD731,
If I have my geography straight, Jerusalem is located in central Judea, with Samaria to the north, and Phoenicia farther north, surrounding the city of Tyre. So the certain men came to Paul's location from Judea. And in response Paul and other went south to Jerusalem. In Jerusalem, some Pharisees, but not Apostles or Elders of the church, thought Gentiles needed to be circumcised and keep the Judaic Law. Paul countered that the Gentiles had be "indwelt" without being physically circumcised. So these legalists did not understand the Law of Liberty, the opposite of the Nicolaitians, who taught lawlessness was allowed because of grace.
But there is no doubt errant views existed and were opposed by the NT witnesses, both speaking against the legalists and the licentiousness. We agree, false teachers have and do plague our church and need continued exposure.
When a Jew is forced out of his country it is a sign that he is cut off from his covenants with God. There are several reasons for this that I will not go into now but I will say that the government of God was and is a theocracy. The citizenship of the kingdom agreed to this form of government in Exodus 20. All those in this nation were of one family or they agreed to adopt and live under the customs and culture of the Divine King and be governed by his law. The only reason this would ever change is if they rejected and rebelled against their king and ignored his law. The king would then be justified by taking his protection away and allow another nation to overcome them, at which time they would be under the laws of that person or people. If this Divine King was a gracious King he might consider this as a disciplinary measure to allow such a thing and devise a plan to rescue them from the penalty of his broken law and from the oppression of other nations, an action which God did. He would simply enter into their realm as one of them and keep his law perfectly and forgive every one who would accept the reconciliation between them and the righteousness of the law by enduring the consequence of breaking it, death. Then, because he had no personal accountability of breaking the law, God raised his physical and human son from the dead, imputing his righteousness to all his guilty citizens who would simply understand it and receive it by faith. When they did this they became an eternal citizen of this kingdom, even if they had to be raised from the dead.
God then prepared a special man, Paul, ordained him an apostle to the gentiles and sent him to these gentiles/Israelites on his first missionary journey and declaring to them the good news that God, after 700 years would take them back as his people and under a law that has been perfectly kept by his son, Jesus Christ. He would justify them and receive them as his sons if they would come to him in his name, imputing his righteousness to them.
This is exactly what happened to the northern nation of Israel when driven oiut of their land in 722 BC. Everybody in that part of the world knew who these strangers in Asia minor were. There were synagogues in every city. Many of these strangers attended the annual feasts and corresponding festivals of Israel in Jerusalem. The people of Asia, the province, not the continent, maintained a synagogue in Jerusalem. The Jews from Jerusalem and the Pharisees worried that Paul and Barnabas were going to persuade them away from the law by preaching the Mosaic Law had ended as the principle of divine dealing of Jehovah and turn them from the outward observance of it as the manner to be saved. They followed behind Paul with their corrupting doctrines.
Paul, was the preacher to the gentiles and he came preaching Jesus and salvation through faith in him alone because God considered them gentiles at this time. Yet these people remain under the Abrahamic Covenant and all them who believe will enter the kingdom of God and it will be as Peter said for them. They will be a holy priesthood when the kingdom is finally realized on the earth. This is the message we read about in the letters of Peter and the other apostles. James addressed his letters to the 12 tribes scattered abroad. His was the first of the New Testament letters and he said not a single word about the church because revealing church doctrine was not his calling. If the 12 apostles and 70 elders will occupy the office of kings and rulers under Christ in the kingdom, then these can be resurrected to occupy the priesthood.
No one in our present time seems to know who these people are and don't seem to care. They are the gentiles in Romans 9 to whom God is showing mercy to through Jesus Christ and Paul even quotes Hosea concerning them. These are the sheep that are scattered on a thousand hills that Jesus Christ came to seek and to save. They are the ones who, unlike the Judean Jews, sought him by faith while the Judean Jews sought righteousness by means of keeping the law.
It does not take a Ph.D. or a noted philosopher to learn these things. It takes a saved person who will believe the words and seek out their context.
We would certainly need to consider some sort of Jewish philosophy to the people in Ephesus when we consider the Nicolaitans since it is one of the first churches established. These people had deeds and doctrines. The fourth church mentioned, Thyatira was more likely a type of the Catholic Church we know now with it's leaven. It, the Catholic Church, did not come along until the fourth century. This one had a woman teaching in it.
I can wrong about some things but I am not wrong about God keeping every covenant promise to his elect nation, Israel, that he made to them in The Abrahamic, Palestinian, the David, and the New Covenants. We gentiles are greatly blessed by the wonderful grace of God by making us a partaker of her spiritual blessings. Praise God for that.
Eph 2:11 Wherefore remember, that ye being in time past Gentiles in the flesh, who are called Uncircumcision by that which is called the Circumcision in the flesh made by hands;
12 That at that time ye were without Christ, being aliens from the commonwealth of Israel, and strangers from the covenants of promise, having no hope, and without God in the world:
13 But now in Christ Jesus ye who sometimes were
far off are made nigh by the blood of Christ.
Mic 4:7 And I will make her that halted a remnant, and her that was cast
far off a strong nation: and the LORD shall reign over them in mount Zion from henceforth, even for ever.