Questions:
Should OC prophecy be understood literally?
Prophecy is best understood in terms of the inspired record of its fulfilment. However as has been pointed out, there is often more than one fulfilment. We should look at the NC for the fulfilment of OC prophecy. In particular, we should study to see how prophecy relates to Christ & all his saving work.
Some Scriptures are indirectly prophetic, in that they describe types & shadows of heavenly realities & of the salvation by Christ. The Passover, priesthood, temple, sacrifices, Davidic kingdom, etc are all described as such. Heb. 8 & 9 teach this, in fact the whole letter teaches the relevance of the OC to the NC.
Apart from the final coming of the Lord for resurrection & judgement, I do not think there are any OC prophecies as yet unfulfilled that are to be fulfilled in the present Gospel age.
Are the Church & Israel separate entities with different prophetic futures?
That is arguable concerning Israel. Most Christians thought that prophecy was being fulfilled when the European Jews were given the land in 1948. We all thought the end would be very soon.
Acts records many thousands of Jews from all round the Empire turning to Christ & being saved, starting with 3,000 on the day of Pentecost. The missionary activities of the Apostles centred on Jewish synagogues. Until Acts 10, the church was largely synonymous with Israel. The great covenant relationship was in evidence:
Zec. 13:7 Awake, O sword, against my shepherd, and against the man that is my fellow, saith the Lord of hosts: smite the shepherd, and the sheep shall be scattered: and I will turn mine hand upon the little ones. 8 And it shall come to pass, that in all the land, saith the Lord, two parts therein shall be cut off and die; but the third shall be left therein. 9 And I will bring the third part through the fire, and will refine them as silver is refined, and will try them as gold is tried: they shall call on my name, and I will hear them: I will say, It is my people: and they shall say, The Lord is my God.
The scattered sheep were regathered. That Scripture indicates that a third of Jews would be saved, & 2/3 would be cut off, as happened in AD 70. (the numbers aren't recorded, but see Revelation, later.)
All Israel would be many more than the 7,000 Paul refers to in Rom. 11, and would include the saved Gentiles who were accepted as Abraham's family.
Did AD 70 complete the fulfillment of all prophecy apart from the final coming?
I believe so. Feel free to list unfulfilled OC prophecy.
Did Jesus come again around AD 70?
Is this the crux of the discussion? Why do we think so, if we do?
Mat. 23:34 Wherefore, behold, I send unto you prophets, and wise men, and scribes: and some of them ye shall kill and crucify; and some of them shall ye scourge in your synagogues, and persecute them from city to city: 35 that upon you may come all the righteous blood shed upon the earth, from the blood of righteous Abel unto the blood of Zacharias son of Barachias, whom ye slew between the temple and the altar. 36 Verily I say unto you, All these things shall come upon this generation
Mat. 24:29 Immediately after the tribulation of those days shall the sun be darkened, and the moon shall not give her light, and the stars shall fall from heaven, and the powers of the heavens shall be shaken: 30 and then shall appear the sign of the Son of man in heaven: and then shall all the tribes of the earth mourn, and they shall see the Son of man coming in the clouds of heaven with power and great glory. 31 And he shall send his angels with a great sound of a trumpet, and they shall gather together his elect from the four winds, from one end of heaven to the other.
32 Now learn a parable of the fig tree; When his branch is yet tender, and putteth forth leaves, ye know that summer is nigh: 33 so likewise ye, when ye shall see all these things, know that it is near, even at the doors. 34 Verily I say unto you, This generation shall not pass, till all these things be fulfilled.
Notice the judgement on this generation. There can be no doubt from the way Jesus is speaking that AD 70 is in his mind.
Near the end of the 40 years we read Hebrews 3:
7 Wherefore (as the Holy Ghost saith, To day if ye will hear his voice, 8 harden not your hearts, as in the provocation, in the day of temptation in the wilderness: 9 when your fathers tempted me, proved me, and saw my works forty years. 10 Wherefore I was grieved with that generation, and said, They do alway err in their heart; and they have not known my ways. 11 So I sware in my wrath, They shall not enter into my rest.)
The question therefore is not, “Did Jesus come in AD 70?” but how do we understand that repeated prophetic word of the Lord Jesus?
To be continued ….
Is there a prophetic future for ethnic/national Israel?
I think not. It is questionable whether today's Jews are descendants of Abraham. None can prove their ancestry. European Jews are Ashkenazi, & therefore Japhetic, not Semitic.
Gen. 10:1 Now these are the generations of the sons of Noah, Shem, Ham, and Japheth: and unto them were sons born after the flood. 2 The sons of Japheth; Gomer, and Magog, and Madai, and Javan, and Tubal, and Meshech, and Tiras. 3 And the sons of Gomer; Ashkenaz, and Riphath, and Togarmah.
But there is a glorious future them in the Gospel. But NOT if they wait for rapture/tribulation etc.
2 Cor. 6:1 We then, as workers together with him, beseech you also that ye receive not the grace of God in vain. 2 (For he saith, I have heard thee in a time accepted, and in the day of salvation have I succoured thee: behold, now is the accepted time; behold, now is the day of salvation.)
Whatever we think about prophecy, there is no justification for persecution.