Augustine shared some of the same views as Calvin but can hardly be called a Calvinists since he predated Calvin by more than a thousand years. Moreover, Augustine embraced things Calvin did not. Paul shared many things that both Augustine and Calvin believed but hardly could be called an Augustinian or a Calvinist as the rejected many things Augustine and Calvin believed.
I am a follower of Paul and thus a Paulinist. Paul does present himself as the role model or "pattern" to be followed by Gentile believers - 1 Tim. 1:16:
1. Paul believed in total depravity of mankind - Rom. 3:9-23; 8:7-8
Rom 3:22 Even the righteousness of God which is by faith of Jesus Christ unto all and upon all them that believe: for there is no difference:
Rom 3:26 To declare, I say, at this time his righteousness: that he might be just, and the justifier of him which believeth in Jesus.
Paul never says that "only God's elect are saved. Paul says in these two verses that those that "believe in Jesus" will be saved. Belief requires a choice. You don't believe anything unless you choose to. Your own verses you provided dispute "total depravity". Is it man's nature to reject God? Of course it is. But that does not mean man cannot reject that nature and come to God.
Rom 8:7 Because the carnal mind is enmity against God: for it is not subject to the law of God, neither indeed can be.
Rom 8:8 So then they that are in the flesh cannot please God.
Paul is by no means saying here that man cannot come to God. He is simply saying that those that choose to live in the flesh cannot please God.
2. Paul believed in the effectual call - 1 Cor. 1:26-31; 2 Cor. 4:6; 1 Thes. 1:4-5
1Co 1:26 For ye see your calling, brethren, how that not many wise men after the flesh, not many mighty, not many noble, are called:
1Co 1:27 But God hath chosen the foolish things of the world to confound the wise; and God hath chosen the weak things of the world to confound the things which are mighty;
1Co 1:28 And base things of the world, and things which are despised, hath God chosen, yea, and things which are not, to bring to nought things that are:
1Co 1:29 That no flesh should glory in his presence.
1Co 1:30 But of him are ye in Christ Jesus, who of God is made unto us wisdom, and righteousness, and sanctification, and redemption:
1Co 1:31 That, according as it is written, He that glorieth, let him glory in the Lord.
This calling is not a call to salvation. Look in verse 1, paul says that he was "called to be an apostle". He never said he was called to salvation.
Paul is saying that God calls upon the believers to show His Glory to the rich and noble. "Base things" are simply people of lowly birth,(at least according to the world. Paul never said that that the rich and noble are not called to salvation, he just says that the believers are called to be witnesses to the world.
2Co 4:6 For God, who commanded the light to shine out of darkness, hath shined in our hearts, to give the light of the knowledge of the glory of God in the face of Jesus Christ
Paul had been accused of preaching a gospel of himself. Here he is defending his preaching and stating that he was called to prech the "light of the knowledge of the glory of God in the face of Jesus Christ" This has nothing to do with calling men to salvation.
1Th 4:4 That every one of you should know how to possess his vessel in sanctification and honour;
1Th 4:5 Not in the lust of concupiscence, even as the Gentiles which know not God
I included verse 4 because it is part of the same sentence in verse 5. Paul is writing about santification, particualarly, sexual sanctification. Verse 4 says that we should know how act honorably, and verse 5 says as even some Gentiles 'which know not God' know how to do.
This has nothing to do with God calling men to be saved.
3. Paul believed in preservation of the saints - Philip. 1:6; 2:13; Rom. 8:28-37
This, you are correct on.
4. Paul believed in definite atonement - Rom. 8:32-33
Rom 8:32 He that spared not his own Son, but delivered him up for us all, how shall he not with him also freely give us all things?
Rom 8:33 Who shall lay any thing to the charge of God's elect? It is God that justifieth.
Your own verse that you provided here states that God "delivered Him up for us all", not just some of us. The problem is not in the offering of salvation by God, but by the rejection of salvation by man.
Verse 33 talks about God's elect. Again, the church was predestined, and it's members are the elect. The elect were NOT predestined, just the church. When a pastor starts a new church he plans for it and builds it, but it is up to the individual to attend it or not. This is just another misuse of the term elect by Cals.
5. Paul believed in unconditional election - Rom. 9:13; 1 Thes. 1:4-5; 2 Thes. 2:13; Eph. 1:4; 2 Tim. 1:7; etc.
Rom 9:13 As it is written, Jacob have I loved, but Esau have I hated
Again, this is a corporate statement. Jacob is the nation of Isreal and Esau is the nation of Islam.
Th 1:4 Knowing, brethren beloved, your election of God.
1Th 1:5 For our gospel came not unto you in word only, but also in power, and in the Holy Ghost, and in much assurance; as ye know what manner of men we were among you for your sake
These verses in no way promote unconditional election. They are the elect after they were saved, not before. And yes, verse 5 confirms that the HS is the power behind salvation, but it NEVER says that the power is only shown to some and not all.
2Th 2:13 But we are bound to give thanks alway to God for you, brethren beloved of the Lord, because God hath from the beginning chosen you to salvation through sanctification of the Spirit and belief of the truth:
Again, this is simply stating that God chose to save the Gentiles before the beginning of the world, by means of sanctification of the Spirit, and "BELIEF OF THE TRUTH" Belief requires making a choice. The verse here affirms that the 'chosen" are the New Testament Church, not the individuals in it.
Eph 1:4 According as he hath chosen us in him before the foundation of the world, that we should be holy and without blame before him in love:
Eph 1:5 Having predestinated us unto the adoption of children by Jesus Christ to himself, according to the good pleasure of his will,
This again is speaking of the adoption of the Gentiles and God's plan to do so befor the foundation of the world. It is not individuals but the Church as a whole that was predestined. Read the whole chapter and you will see this.
I am a follower of Paul, not Augustine or Calvin as they both depart from Paul on many other things (infant baptism, the church and ordinances, etc.).