“Paul’s Admonition: In the epistles of Paul and Peter, several admonitions to sober-mindedness explicitly relate to physical abstinence on which the existence and exercise of sobriety rest. This is indicated especially by the close connection in which they stand with such terms as me paroinos, enkrate and nephalios, all of which, as we shall see, refer primarily to abstinence from intoxicating wine.
“In 1 Timothy 3:2-3 Paul states: ‘Now a bishop must be above reproach, the husband of one wife,temperate, sensible, dignified, hospitable, an apt teacher, no drunkard, not violent but gentle, not quarrelsome, and no lover of money.’ The two terms ‘temperate, sensible’ are here used to translate the Greeknephalion andsophrona. The first, as we shall show below, means ‘abstinent’ and the second ‘of sound mind,’ or ‘sober-minded.’ ‘The order of terms,’ as Lees and Burns point out, "is instructive. The Christian overseer is to benephalion, ‘abstinent’—strictly sober in body, in order that he may be sober in mind.’ The two words occur in the same order in Titus 2:2, though the word ‘serious’ is placed between them. In 1 Timothy 3:2-3 the two words stand in close connection with me paroinon, a term which literally means ‘not near wine.’ On the significance of the latter, more will be said below.
“In Titus 1:6-8, where Paul repeats to a large extent what he said in 1 Timothy 3 about the qualifications for the office of bishop/elder, the order is somewhat different: ’ . . . hospitable, a lover of goodness, master of himself [sophrona], upright, holy, and self-controlled [enkrate]’ (v. 8). Here sophrona (‘sober-minded‘), translated ‘master of himself’ by the RSV, precedes enkrate, a term which as we shall see below, is also employed in the sense of abstinence.
“Peter’s Admonition: A clearer connection between sober-mindedness and physical abstinence is found in 1 Peter 4:7: ‘The end of all things is at hand; therefore keep sane [sophronesate] and sober [nepsate] for your prayers.’ The verb nepsate is the (aorist) imperative form of nepho, which some etymologists derive from the prefix ne ‘not’ and pino ‘to drink,’ thus literally, not to drink, while others from ne ‘not’ and poinos (for oinos ‘wine‘), thus literally, ‘without wine.’
“The basic meaning of the verb nepho, as most Greek authorities cited below recognize, is ‘to be sober, in contradistinction to being drunk.’ Thus, what Peter is actually saying in 1 Peter 4:7 is ‘keep mentally sober and physically abstinent for your prayers.’ It is not difficult to see the connection among mental sobriety, physical abstinence and prayer life. Persons who use intoxicating beverages weaken their mental alertness, and consequently either ignore their prayer life or pray for the wrong things.
“In conclusion, some of the apostolic admonitions to mental sobriety, expressed through the sophron word group, are clearly connected to physical abstinence, which determines the existence and exercise of mental sobriety…