When Jesus instituted the Lord's Supper, He merely gave a new meaning to the Passover:
Luke 22:15-18 15 And he said unto them, With desire I have desired to eat this passover with you before I suffer: 16 For I say unto you, I will not any more eat thereof, until it be fulfilled in the kingdom of God. 17 And he took the cup, and gave thanks, and said, Take this, and divide it among yourselves: 18 For I say unto you, I will not drink of the fruit of the vine, until the kingdom of God shall come.
Jesus did not depart from the Old Testament principles of the ordinance, and therefore did not use alcoholic wine. R.B. Grindrod explains:
It was in fact, the feast of the Passover that our Lord and His disciples were then in the act of celebrating; and Jesus knowing that this Jewish ceremony having in its typical and only real use, accomplished in the shedding of His own blood, took this opportunity of instituting His own eucharistic festival in its stead; and it is certain, we have no other account of any other kind of wine being introduced, than what was usually drunk at the celebration of the Passover.
Patton quotes the Rev. A.P. Peabody, D.D., writing on the Lord's Supper, as stating:
The writer has satisfied himself, by careful research, that in our Savior's time the Jews, at least the high ritualists among them, extended the prohibition of leaven to the principle of fermentation in every form; and that it was customary, at the Passover festival, for the master of the house to press the contents of 'the cup' from clusters of grapes preserved for this special purpose.
The principle of pressing the grapes into the cup is also noted by Josephus, Jewish historian (cf. Jos. Antiq. ii. 5,2); and is also noted in the Bible way back in the Old Testament:
Genesis 40:10-11 10 And in the vine were three branches: and it was as though it budded, and her blossoms shot forth; and the clusters thereof brought forth ripe grapes: 11 And Pharaoh's cup was in my hand: and I took the grapes, and pressed them into Pharaoh's cup, and I gave the cup into Pharaoh's hand.
Adam Clarke's Bible Commentary on this text reads:
From this we find that wine anciently was the mere expressed juice of the grape, without fermentation. The saky, or cup-bearer, took the bunch, pressed the juice into the cup, and instantly delivered it into the hands of his master. This was anciently the yayin of the Hebrews, the oinos of the Greeks, and the mustum of the ancient Latins.
This proves without doubt that fresh grape juice (the fruit of the vine) was drunk as well as the fermented type, from the earliest times. Dr. William Patton quotes Dr. S.M. Isaacs, an eminent Jewish rabbi, as repeatedly and emphatically saying:
The Jews do not, in their feasts for sacred purposes, including the marriage feast, ever use any kind of fermented drinks. In their oblations and libations, both private and public, they employ the fruit of the vine - that is, fresh grapes - unfermented grape-juice, and raisins, as the symbol of benediction. Fermentation is to them always a symbol of corruption, as in nature and science it is itself decay, rottenness.
Jesus, when referring to the wine or fruit of the vine, in His institution of the Lord's Supper, said:
Matthew 26:28 28 For this is my blood of the new testament, which is shed for many for the remission of sins.
What Jesus was actually saying was, "this is my life":
Leviticus 17:11 11 For the life of the flesh is in the blood: and I have given it to you upon the altar to make an atonement for your souls: for it is the blood that maketh an atonement for the soul.
Here we can see that just as the blood was life giving, so must the wine used at the Lord's Supper be health giving, to make the perfect symbol. Symbolically, the wine could not have been alcoholic or fermented, a rotten substance which is destructive to the body, which is a perfect picture of death. The Apostle Peter was well aware of the important significance of the blood of Christ, when he wrote:
1 Peter 1:18-19 18 Forasmuch as ye know that ye were not redeemed with corruptible things, as silver and gold, from your vain conversation received by tradition from your fathers; 19 But with the precious blood of Christ, as of a lamb without blemish and without spot:
How could the precious blood of Christ which the inspired Apostle states was not "corruptible," be symbolized by alcoholic wine, a substance which itself is the embodiment of rottenness and corruption?
taken from Leighton G. Campbell's book, 'Wine in the Bible and the Scriptural Case for Total Abstinence' pp. 172-174