I. The first argument is drawn from those texts in which Christ is said to have redeemed us at the price of his blood. For the payment of a price — properly so called and perfectly sufficient — shows that a satisfaction in its true and proper sense has been made, since price always has a reference to distributive justice.
4 These texts are various. "You were redeemed by a price," 1Cor 6:20. "You were redeemed from your vain conversation, not by corruptible things such as silver and gold, but by the precious blood of Christ, as of a lamb without spot," 1Pet 1:19. "Christ gave himself for us, that he might redeem (purchase) us from all iniquity," Titus 2:14. "In whom we have redemption through his blood," Eph 1:7. "The Son of man came that he might lay down his life a ransom for many," Mark 10:45 — lutron (G3083) anti pollun — i.e., a price of payment in the place of many. The name Jesus was given to him, "because he saves his people from their sins," Mat 1:21.
Many things prove that in the business of man's salvation, the word redemption is to be understood as signifying the payment of a price.
1. This is the primary import of the words lutron and apo-lutron, and we may in no case give them any other, unless it is for a very solid reason. This is not denied by Socinus himself, "To redeem anyone, properly signifies nothing else but to free a captive by paying a price to the one who detains him." 2
2. The condition of man requires this, since he is a prisoner not only of Satan and death, but also of sin, both as to its guilt and its pollution; and therefore he is a prisoner of the divine law and justice. He is condemned by God; he is a child of wrath; and he cannot be released except by a satisfactory payment.
3. Such is the redemption procured by the price mentioned, 1Cor 6:20. Why should the apostle use lutron, price of redemption, and time (G5092), punishment, if no price was paid? The reply usually made to this is that the term is used in a figurative sense, and it denotes that we are freed from the power of sin. This is an assumption which, as we do not grant it, our opponent is bound to prove. Indeed, the contrary is evident. The price is compared to very precious earthly things, such as gold, silver, and jewels, which always have a relation to price, strictly so called, 1Pet 1:18.3
4. We have not only the word lutron, a price of redemption, but also the word anti-lutron (G487), applied to the suffering and death of Christ. Nothing can be more express than this word antilutron. It denotes not merely a price, but such a price that it is perfectly equal to the debt which it pays: this is the force of the preposition anti, which here expresses substitution. Aristotle uses the same word, anti-lutron, in the ninth book of his Ethics, second chapter, to denote the redemption of a life by substituting another in its place. Hence it appears that this redemption is not a mere manumission, such as that in which a master, without any price, sets free his slaves; nor is it simply an act of power, by which captives are rescued from the hand of an enemy; nor is it a bare exchange, as with prisoners of war. It is a real satisfaction, such as a surety makes by paying in full for the debtor. Our deliverance, indeed, is procured without any price paid on our part, and purely through the free grace and mercy of God.
4 The divine power, too, is gloriously displayed in emancipating us from the tyrannical dominion of Satan, over whom Christ obtains a victory and triumph, Col 2:15. There is also an exchange in respect to Christ, who was substituted in our place, and suffered the punishment due us. Yet in relation to the justice of God, there is a real and perfect satisfaction made.