It has been disputed whether the Hebrew wine was fermented; but the impression produced on the mind by a general review of the above notices is that the Hebrew words indicating wine refer to fermented, intoxicating wine. The notices of fermentation are not very decisive.
A certain amount of fermentation is implied in the distension of the leather bottles when new wine was placed in them, and which was liable to burst old bottles. It is very likely that new wine was preserved in the state of must by placing it in jars or bottles and then burying it in the earth.
The mingling that we read of, in conjunction with wine, may have been designed either to increase or to diminish the strength of the wine, according as spices or water formed the ingredient that was added. The notices chiefly favor the former view; for mingled liquor was prepared for high festivals, Pro_9:2; Pro_9:5, and occasions of excess. Pro_23:30; Isa_5:22.
At the same time, strength was not the sole object sought; the wine "mingled with myrrh," given to Jesus, was designed to deaden pain, Mar_15:23, and the spiced pomegranate wine prepared by the bride, Son_8:2, may well have been of a mild character.
In the New Testament, the character of the "sweet wine," noticed in Act_2:13, calls for some little remark. It could not be new wine, in the proper sense of the term, inasmuch as about eight months must have elapsed between the vintage and the Feast of Pentecost. The explanations of the ancient lexicographers rather lead us to infer that its luscious qualities were due, not to its being recently made, but to its being produced from the very purest juice of the grape.
There can be little doubt that the wines of Palestine varied in quality, and were named after the localities in which they were made. The only wines of which we have special notice, belonged to Syria, these were the wine of Helbon Eze_27:18, and the wine of Lebanon, famed for its aroma. Hos_14:7.
With regard to the uses of wine in private life, there is little to remark. It was produced on occasions of ordinary hospitality, Gen_14:18, and at festivals, such as marriages. Joh_2:3.
Under the Mosaic law, wine formed the usual drink offering that accompanied the daily sacrifice, Exo_29:40, the presentation of the first-fruits, Lev_23:13, and other offerings. Num_15:5.
Tithe was to be paid of wine, as of other products. The priest was also to receive first-fruits of wine, as of other articles. Deu_18:4. Compare Exo_22:29. The use of wine at the Paschal Feast was not enjoined by the law, but had become an established custom, at all events in the post-Babylonian period. The wine was mixed with warm water on these occasions.
Hence, in the early Christian Church, it was usual to mix the sacramental wine with water. (The simple wines of antiquity were incomparably less deadly than the stupefying and ardent beverages of our western nations. The wines of antiquity were more like sirups; many of them were not intoxicant; many more intoxicant in a small degree; and all of them, as a rule, taken only when largely diluted with water. They contained, even undiluted, but 4 or 5 percent of alcohol. -- Cannon Farrar).