RCC history on New Covenant and Protestant salvation
Question from Bob on 08-30-2001:
Dr. Caroll,
Thanks for the chance to clarify my question on New Covenant salvation for Protestants. As you know, all Protestants consider the New Covenant to Be the plan of salvation under which they are saved.
The Catholic church historically seems to have applied the words of Christ "this is the cup of the new covenant in My blood" to refer exclusively to the Roman Catholic mass and excludes all Protestants by definition. According to Fr. Ken Ryan of Catholic Digest this was ammended somewhat at Vatican II to suppose that some extraordinary means was to be found for Protestant salvation - since the New Covenant clearly could not apply to Protestants. Therefore - while affirming protestant salvation - the Catholic church has had to deal with it's teachings on the New Covenant and the fact that it can only refer to the Roman Catholic Mass (I think it may be the view of both Catholics and Protestant view that the New Covenant is the only means of salvation identified in scripture).
My question is whether there are any EX CATHEDRA statements on the New Covenant and the fact that it can only apply to Catholics. (And as I say, Protestants view that as the same as salvation today).
Dr Carroll replies-
It seems like an insurmountable problem. If addressed in the interfaith dialogs of recent years, I have not heard of it's resolution.
Historically the position seems to have been even stronger - as it came from Popes and councils on the subject of salvation outside the Catholic church.
According to the Cahtolic teaching on Extra Ecclesiam Nulla Salus ("outside the church there is no salvation") "heretics" (including Protestants and Eastern Orthodoxy as the term was applied historically by the Catholic church) cannot be saved (as the original papal decrees imply)
Pope Boniface VIII taught in his Unam Sanctam decree
>>>>> Therefore, this one and single Church has one head and not two heads,- for had she two heads, she would be a monster,- that is, Christ and Christ's vicar, Peter and Peter's successor. For the Lord said unto Peter, "Feed my sheep." "My," he said, speaking generally and not particularly, "these and those," by which it is to be understood that all the sheep are committed unto him. So, when the Greeks [Eastern Orthodox] and others say that they were not committed to the care of Peter and his successors, they must confess that they are not of Christ's sheep, even as the Lord says in John, "There is one fold and one shepherd."...
Furthermore, that every human creature is subject to the Roman pontiff [the Pope],- this we declare, say, define, and pronounce to be altogether necessary to salvation. >>>>>
The Council of Florence taught: > [The most Holy Roman Church] firmly believes, professes, and proclaims that those not living within the Catholic Church, not only pagans, but also Jews and heretics and schismatics cannot become participants in eternal life, but will depart 'into everlasting fire which was prepared for the devil and his angels' (Matthew 25:41), unless before the end of life the same have been added to the flock; and that the unity of the ecclesiastical body is so strong that only to those remaining in it are the Sacraments of the Church of benefit for salvation, and do fastings, almsgiving, and other functions of piety and exercises of Christian service produce eternal reward, and that no one, whatever almsgiving he has practiced, even if he has shed blood for the name of Christ, can be saved, unless he has remained in the bosom and unity of the Catholic Church. >
The First Vatican Council taught:
> Hence we teach and declare that by the appointment of our Lord the Roman Church possesses a superiority of ordinary power over all other churches, and that this power of jurisdiction of the Roman Pontiff, which is truly episcopal, is immediate; to which all, of whatever right and dignity, both pastors and faithful, both individually and collectively, are bound, by their duty of hierarchial subordination and true obedience, to submit not only in matters which belong to faith and morals, but also in those which appertain to the discipline and government of the Church throughout the world, so that the Church of Christ may be one flock under one supreme pastor through the preservation of unity both of communion and of profession of the same faith with the Roman Pontiff. This is the teaching of Catholic truth, from which no one can deviate without loss of faith and salvation.
Answer by Warren H. Carroll, Ph.D on 08-30-2001:
The reference to the New Covenant does certainly refer to the Mass. Please read John 6, which Protestants seem to avoid "like the plague." When "Unam Sanctam" was issued, there were no Protestants, because the Protestant revolt had not yet happened. For salvation of Protestants, see the recent very important Church statement "Dominus Jesus," which makes it clear that Protestants can be saved if they are in "invincible ignorance" that the Catholic Church is the true Church. Though many Catholics seem unaware of it, this doctrine was taught as long ago as the 19th century. - Dr. Carroll