Bart Ehrman
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bart_D._Ehrman
is perhaps one of the great illustrations of Paul's point above. Here you have what amounts to an atheist touted world-wide as American
New Testament scholar, currently the James A. Gray Distinguished Professor of Religious Studies at UNC Chapel Hill.
A more confused Bible scholar you could hardly ever hope to find.
Paul's point is not about the lost being unable to be "convicted of basic truth by the Holy Spirit". In Romans 1 Paul says the lost are "without excuse" because of the great conviction and revelation about God given to them -- of which they are indeed aware according to the chapter. John 16 says the Holy Spirit convicts "the WORLD of sin and righteousness and judgment" but He does not turn "The world" into first class top notch accurate Bible scholars -- atheist or not.
But what Paul speaks to in 1Cor 2 is the depravity of the lost that does not allow them to go much beyond that Romans 1 level.
The lost might read the letter to the Corinthians only to confirm and solidify their desire for the religion of atheism doubt and unbelief.
The first step for the lost is to stop rejecting the light, the truth that they DO have. When they try to get advanced degrees in Bible knowledge while being lost - it only results in confusion and error. Bible vacuous positions that rely on doubting and ignoring the details of scripture that do not fit their atheist-religion and traditions.