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I believe Calvinism would have been much better had it began by going back to Scrioture instead of reforming Roman Catholic doctrine (particularly with the meaning of Christ's death). This was a major complaint by those outside of Calvinism at the time, so it's nothing new. But there is simply too much baggage carried forward.
To be fair, we have to be very careful with Judiasm as well. Technically Christianity is older than Judiasm. Judiasm began after the destruction of the Temple in 70 AD as it was necessary because the Hebrew faith centered on the Temple which required a shift towards the teachings of the Pharisees (rabbis rather than priests, the law belonging to the people rather than the Temple).
Protestant by definition in historical context was the protesting against the Roman Catholic church. The Reformation by definition was the reformation or reforming of doctrine rather than the deliberate destruction of Roman Catholicism for all intents and purposes.
Interestingly, I too researched and there is a distinction in Judaism Temple and Post Temple Judaism. Judaism by definition was the religion of the Jews and if such definition is accepted predates Christianity by millenniums. Followers of Jesus appeared during Temple worship, and eventually churches became places of worship among others. Nothing new really (Apollos or Paul etc), considering the vast worship occurring in Israel during the reign of Solomon. Never heard anybody claim Christianity was older and certainly not more mature than Judaism. Especially considering the teething problems of Acts and the reciprocal behavior of new churches after planting following in the footsteps of the churches of Acts. However, was refreshing to hear somebody else mention Western influence, most certainly the Greeks had major influence in all our theological mindfulness today, especially when considering the Septuagint manuscripts from which we translate and interpret both the old and new testaments.
If doctrinal transmission was used as the basis for age then Judaism could be clearly defined more elderly. For example, whatever happened to the ana-baptist? Doctrinal transmission can be used to trace them to the Amish and Quakers - true sects of Christianity.
Shalom